日本民俗类艺术论的研究史——基于vernacular艺术视野下的回顾与展望

Research History of Folkloric Art Theory in Japan:A Review and Prospect Based on the Perspective of Vernacular Art

目前,日本民俗学的艺术研究基本处于停滞状态。然而,日本民俗类艺术研究的这种停滞状态仅为现状。在20世纪10至30年代,包括山本鼎的“农民美术运动”、柳宗悦的“民艺运动”、柳田国男与竹内胜太郎等人的“民俗艺术论”、今和次郎的“考现学”、柳田国男的艺术论、鹤见俊辅的“限界艺术论”在内,民俗类艺术论以如今已难以想象的百花齐放之态得到了积极的讨论。这些艺术论本是各自独立诞生的,但在关注偏离中心的艺术即“vernacular艺术”这方面有着共通之处。因此,探讨在当下民俗学中不断开辟新局面的vernacular概念,从将其应用于艺术的vernacular艺术的视角出发回顾日本的民俗类艺术论,并探究新的民俗类艺术论是有必要的。vernacular艺术这一视角,对于深入探讨游离于官方、正式、正统抑或主流、高蹈的,带有权威性和中心性的艺术之外的、属于普通人的艺术有着重要意义。同时,这一视角不仅关注传统,还将生活在“此刻·此处”的普通人不受“传统”桎梏的创作活动纳入研究视野,也为拓展当代民俗学和艺术人类学的研究领域和研究对象做出了重要贡献。

The study of art in folkloristics in Japan today is largely stagnant.However,the stagnation of folkloric art research in Japan today reflects only the current situation.In fact,during the 1910s to 1930s,a remarkably diverse range of folkloric art theories were actively discussed.The multifarious art theories including Yamamoto Kanae's"Peasant-art movement",Yanagi Soetsu's"Mingei movement","folk art theory"by Yanagita Kunio and Takenouchi Katsutaro and others,Wajiro Kon's""Modernology(kogengaku)",Yanagita Kunio's art theory,and Tsurumi Shunsuke's"Marginal-art theory",which is hard to imagine nowadays.While these art theories emerged independently,they shared a common interest in art situated away from the mainstream,which is also referred to as"vernacular art".This article examines the burgeoning concept of vernacular,which is now creating a new dimension in folkloristics.Moreover,this analysis scrutinizes Japan's folkloric art theory from the perspective of vernacular art that applies to art,and ultimately,envisions a new folkloristic art theory.The lens of vernacular art is conducive to identifying art that emerges not from authority,formality,orthodoxy,or mainstream prominence but from ordinary people that emerges at a distance from these areas.It is also very effective in that it brings into the field of study not only tradition but also the creative activities of ordinary people living in the"here and now"that are not bound by"tradition".Hence,vernacular art greatly contributes to expanding the research field and research targets of contemporary folkloristics and artistic anthropology.