洪武朝颁赐琉球中山印章探赜——兼论明朝对琉球的塑造与海洋治理

An Analysis of the Hongwu Dynasty's Granting of the Ry ukyu Zhongshan Seal——Including Study on the Ming Dynasty's Shaping of Ryukyu and Ocean Govemnance

海洋治理是明朝国家治理的重要方面,琉球是明朝海洋治理的重要参与方。针对“东海”海域的混乱状态和琉球国内的纷争乱局,洪武十六年明朝向琉球中山王察度颁赐印章。在认可中山国家地位和察度国王地位的基础上,通过引入“表文钤印”这一技术规范,利用印章本身所具有的凭信功能,明朝与中山之间建立起基于信用制度的关系模式,在杜绝伪使的同时,形塑起中山在“东海”海域的对明贸易垄断地位,借以威压山南、山北事大服属,并依靠中山对游离于体制之外的私人海洋势力进行一定程度上的间接管控,以期达到改善“东海”海域政治生态、稳定海域秩序的目标。颁赐给中山王的印章连同金符与赐予“南海”国家的勘合之间具有目标取向上的关联性,都是明朝构建以自身为中心的海洋信用秩序体系的尝试。颁赐印章是明朝决心优待琉球的政策起点,在客观上加速了琉球列岛的一体化进程。

Ocean governance was an important aspect of Ming Dynasty's national governance,and Ryukyu was an important participant in Ming Dynasty's ocean governance.In the sixteenth year of the Hongwu reign,the Ming Dynasty bestowed a seal on Cha Du,the King of Zhongshan of Ryukyu,in response to the chaotic state of the"East China Sea"and the domestic disputes and chaos in Ryukyu.The technical means of"Stamping on Biao Wen"used the trust function of the seal itself to establish a relationship model with Zhongshan based on the credit system,eliminated fake messengers and formed Zhongshan's trade monopoly position in the"East China Sea",in order to promote Shannan and Shanbei vassals to the Ming Dynasty,and rely on Zhongshan to indirectly control private maritime forces outside the system to a certain extent,and achieved the goal of improving the political ecology of the"East China Sea"and stabilizing the maritime order.There is a goal oriented correlation between the seal and golden talisman bestowed upon King Zhongshan and the"Kan He"'bestowed upon the"South China Sea"countries,both of which were attempts by the Ming Dynasty to build a maritime credit order system centered on itself.Bestowing seals was the policy starting point for the Ming Dynasty to prioritize Ryukyu,which objectively accelerated the integration process of the Ryukyu Islands.