自动驾驶之刑法前瞻性应对:归因与归责

Criminal Law's Prospective Responses to Autonomous Driving:Attribution and Liability Fixation

自动驾驶作为前沿科技的代表,是人工智能时代重要的刑法论题。自动驾驶在对汽车产业带来极大变革的同时,也对交通事故的刑事归责体系进行了彻底颠覆。区别于传统驾驶模式下“使用者中心”的交通肇事责任体系,L3级以上自动驾驶情形下应建立以“生产者为中心”的产品责任归责结构。否定自动驾驶汽车独立承担刑事责任的可能性,以支配原则为责任承担基础,以法益保护为价值取向并结合风险平衡分配之尺度,合理分担自动驾驶之刑事风险。明确使用者与生产者的注意义务之来源、分担标准、限缩与内容,这是建构自动驾驶刑事归责体系的必由之路。

Autonomous driving,a cutting-edge technology that has emerged in recent years,has become a significant subject of interest for criminal law researchers in the era of artificial intelligence.While autonomous driving is bringing significant changes to the automobile industry,it has also completely overturned the criminal liability fixation system for traffic accidents.The traffic accident liability system for traditional driving mode is"user-centered",but in the case of L3 or above levels of autonomous driving,a"producer-centered"product liability system should be established.Denying the likelihood of vehicle's autonomous driving system being held criminally liable independently,this article suggests that the criminal risks associated with autonomous driving should be reasonably apportioned based on the principle of domination,while taking the protection of legal interests as the value orientation and taking into account scales for equitable apportion of such risks.Furthermore,in order to establish a criminal liability fixation system for autonomous driving,it is also imperative to clearly specify the sources,apportionment standards,limitations and contents of the duty of care for both the users and manufactures of autonomous vehicles.