民事诉讼法“去试行化”:以民法典为参照

“Detrialization”of Civil Procedure: Taking Civil Code as a Reference

民事诉讼法的编纂式法典化是“切实实施民法典”的应有之义。2021年和2023年民事诉讼法修正案使其逐渐脱离法典化的时代浪潮,以解决“诉讼爆炸”“案多人少”为主要考量的法律修订使民事诉讼法面临与民法典脱钩的结构性风险。民事诉讼法“试行化”的根本原因是“先程序,后实体”的民事立法模式,即以实体法的缺位为时代背景,以“民事审判工作的经验”为立法来源,以“案多人少”“诉讼爆炸”为“实际情况”。1991年《民事诉讼法》及其不断加速的修正案并未最终实现“去试行化”,举证责任、起诉条件、诉讼时效、一般保证等诉讼构造未能与民法典保持同一精神。民事诉讼法“去试行化”是一项系统工程,诉权、诉讼目的论和既判力本质论是首当其冲的希尔伯特之问。我国亟待完成从二元诉权论向权利保护请求权论的模式转型,民事权利保护亟需被确立为民事诉讼的首要目的,法院生效判决认定的民事权利义务关系原则上不改动既有私法秩序。以上述本原问题的“去试行化”为起点,以民法典为参照,民事诉讼法将经由“去试行化”稳步实现编纂式法典化,由此开启民事诉讼法典与民法典协同融合的新格局。

Codification of Civil Procedure Code is a necessary step towards the“effective implementation of the Civil Code”.The amendments to the Civil Procedure Law in 2021 and 2023,which are mainly aimed at solving the problem of“litigation explosion”and“many cases and few people”,have put the Civil Procedure Law at the structural risk of being de-linked from the Civil Code.The fundamental reason for the“trialization”of the Civil Procedure Law is the civil legislation model of“procedure first,substance later”,that is,the absence of substantive law is the background of the times,“experience in civil trial work”is the source of legislation,and“many cases and few people”and“litigation explosion”are the“actual situations”.The 1991“Civil Procedure Law”and its accelerating amendments have not finally achieved“detrialization”,and the litigation structures such as the burden of proof,prosecution conditions,statute of limitations,and general guarantees have not maintained the same spirit as the Civil Code.The“detrialization”of the Civil Procedure Law is a systematic project,and the right of action,the theory of the purpose of litigation and the theory of the nature of res judicata are the first Hilbert's Questions.China urgently needs to complete the transformation from the theory of dual litigation rights to the theory of right protection and claim.The protection of civil rights urgently needs to be established as the primary purpose of civil litigation.In principle,the relationship between civil rights and obligations recognized by the court’s effective judgment will not change the existing private law order.Starting from the“detrializaiton”of the above-mentioned original issues and taking the Civil Code as a reference,the Civil Procedure Law will steadily realize the codification through“detrialization”,thus opening a new pattern of coordinated integration of the Civil Procedure Code and the Civil Code.