公平责任司法适用的现实困境与规则重构

Realistic Dilemma and Rule Reconstruction of Judicial Application of Fair Liability

从《民法通则》第132条到《侵权责任法》第24条,再到《民法典》第1186条,《民法典》第1186条把“根据实际情况”的表述修改为“依照法律的规定”,公平责任历经从一般条款到引致规定的立法嬗变。从公平责任司法适用的实证分析可知,《民法典》第1186条仍然面临司法适用的现实困境。未来应该对公平责任适用规则进行体系化重构:从《民法典》第1186条的立法目的出发,明确适用条件;采取限缩解释,明确《民法典》第182条(紧急避险)、第183条(见义勇为)、第1190条(暂时失去意识)、第1192条(提供劳务)和第1254条(高空抛物),即所谓“依照法律的规定”的主要情形;同时,还应当为公平责任适用规则留下弹性解释空间,从而使公平责任的司法适用问题得以纾解。

From Article 132 of the General Principles of Civil Law to Article 24 of the Tort Liability Law to Article 1186 of the Civil Code,Article 1186 of the Civil Code replaces the expression“in accordance with the actual situation”with“in accordance with the provisions of the law”.Fair liability has gone through the legislative evolution from the general provisions to the resulting provisions.From the empirical analysis of the judicial application of fair liability,it can be seen that Article 1186 of the Civil Code is still facing the practical dilemma of judicial application.In the future,we should systematize and reconstruct the application rules of fair liability.Firstly,we should clarify the application conditions from the legislative purpose of Article 1186.The limited interpretation is adopted to clarify the main situations of Article 182(emergency risk avoidance),Article 183(voluntary felon-fighting),Article 1190(temporary loss of consciousness),Article 1192(provision of labor service)and Article 1254(throwing objects from high air)of the Civil Code,which are called“in accordance with the provisions of the law”.At the same time,we should also leave flexible interpretation space for the application rules of fair liability,so as to ease the judicial application of fair liability.