《BBNJ协定》中生态系统方法的完善与实践建议

Suggestions for Refinement and Implementation of the Ecosystem Approach in the BBNJ Agreement

国际社会经过近二十年的磋商和谈判之后,《〈联合国海洋法公约〉下国家管辖范围以外海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用协定》得以通过,开启了全球海洋治理新的里程碑。生态系统方法一直是贯穿整个谈判期间的重要议题,经过各方博弈,谈判成果呈现在该协定的不同部分之中。生态系统方法作为一般方法不仅适用于整个协定,而且在该协定中发挥极强的兼容作用,有利于革新海洋治理方式和思维模式,有利于协定目标的实现。但是它的最大局限是仅适用于国家管辖范围以外区域,此外在概念问题、具体议题下的适用问题、在争端解决中能否成为一项独立的裁决规则等,均需要继续明确。为了促使生态系统方法发挥更大作用,需要确定生态系统方法的关键要素,该协定的科学技术机构需要推动相关科学问题的研究,同时要加强与各国的合作,并促进与相关法律文书和框架以及相关全球、区域、次区域和领域机构的一致性和协调性。

After nearly two decades of negotiations and discussions,the international community has adopted the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction(hereinafter“BBNJ Agreement”).This marks a significant milestone in global ocean governance.The ecosystem approach has been a central topic throughout the negotiations,with its principles reflected in various aspects of the BBNJ Agreement.The ecosystem approach,as a general method,not only permeates the entire Agreement but also harmonizes well with its objectives,fostering innovation in ocean governance practices and ideologies,thereby facilitating the fulfillment of the BBNJ Agreement’s purpose.However,its primary limitation lies in its application only to areas beyond national jurisdiction.Further clarification is required on conceptual nuances,the applicability to specific topics,and the potential for serving as an independent arbitration rule in dispute resolution.To enhance the efficacy of the ecosystem approach,it is imperative to identify its key components.The scientific and technological bodies under the BBNJ Agreement must prioritize research on pertinent scientific matters,bolster collaboration with nations,and ensure alignment and coordination with relevant legal instruments and frameworks and relevant global,regional,subregional and sectoral bodies.