《生物多样性公约》体系和《联合国海洋法公约》体系交互下海洋生物遗传资源养护的路径探讨

Exploring the Pathway for Conservation of Marine Genetic Resources from the Perspective of System Interaction between CBD and UNCLOS

《生物多样性公约》体系和《联合国海洋法公约》体系在保护海洋生物遗传资源领域的规则协同效应明显,但制度碎片化现象严重。国家参与养护管辖范围以外海域生物遗传资源的整体质量不高,经济理性与生态理性的内在张力以及平权型国际社会中的政治博弈,阻碍了国际社会就养护海洋生物遗传资源展开合作。由于共同环境利益和生态利益变得愈发重要,风险预防、生态整体主义和国情多样性原则以生态理性为核心,关注人与自然的和谐统一,尊重不同国家国情,有利于实现陆地和海洋系统的遗传资源协同保护。在这些原则引导之下,通过多元主体参与、确保海洋知识的对称性、发挥知识产权制度正面效应的具体路径,能够科学合理地养护国家管辖范围以外海域生物遗传资源。中国在此契机下也应从完善生物遗传资源的国内治理体系、以共同体思维积极参与海洋生物遗传资源国际法治。

The systems of the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)have significant synergies in the conservation of marine genetic resources,but are highly fragmented.The overall quality of biological genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction is low.The inherent tension between economic rationality and ecological rationality,as well as the political games in an equality-oriented international society,hinder the international community from collaborating on the conservation of marine genetic resources.As common environmental and ecological interests become more and more important,the principles of precautionary approach,ecological holism,and diversity of national circumstances with ecological rationality as the core,emphasize harmonious unity between man and nature,and respect the national conditions of different States,which are conducive to achieving the synergistic conservation of genetic resources in both terrestrial and marine systems.Guided by these principles,marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction can be scientifically and reasonably conserved through the participation of multiple actors,the symmetry of marine knowledge,and the positive effects of intellectual property regimes.Under this opportunity,China also needs to improve the domestic governance system of marine genetic resources and actively participate in the international rule of law for marine genetic resources with a community mindset.