论预防性监禁制度的实践法理与中国借鉴

Practical Jurisprudence of Preventive Imprisonment System and Its Reference to China

传统以刑罚为主的刑事制裁体系在应对高风险犯罪时,预防犯罪之功能发挥并不尽如人意。此外,由于累犯制度预防效果受限于“事后惩罚”的本质特征,难以达至“药到病除”的预防犯罪效果。基于上述制度缺憾,预防性监禁制度为预防特定犯罪分子或群体再次危害社会安全,通过实施具有监禁性质的措施预防再犯罪,从而为刑法在预防犯罪层面提供新的路径选择。在具体制度落实层面,预防性监禁制度与刑事制裁存在范式的分野和功能的互补。为提升预防效果,我国可构建“惩罚与预防—刑罚与保安处分—累犯与预防性监禁制度”的综合性防治模式,并在实施预防性监禁措施时,确保安全价值与自由价值的平衡,避免预防性监禁参与社会治理的“过度监禁”,实现刑事制裁体系的自洽发展。

When dealing with high-risk crimes,the traditional criminal sanction system,which focuses on punishment,does not play a satisfactory role in crime prevention.In addition,because the prevention effect of recidivism system is limited by the essential feature of“punishment after the fact”,it is difficult to achieve the crime prevention effect of“cure to disease”.Based on the shortcomings of the above system,the preventive imprisonment system aims to prevent specific criminals or groups from endangering social security again,and to prevent recidivism by implementing measures with the nature of imprisonment,thus providing a new path choice for criminal law in crime prevention.At the level of concrete system implementation,there is a paradigm division and functional complementary between preventive imprisonment system and criminal sanctions.In order to improve the prevention effect,China can build a comprehensive prevention model of“punishment and prevention/penalty and security measures/recidivism and preventive imprisonment system”,and ensure the balance between security value and freedom value when implementing preventive imprisonment measures,avoid“excessive imprisonment”in which preventive imprisonment participates in social governance,and realize the self-consistent development of criminal sanctions system.