施磷对夏花生产量品质、光温生理特性及根系形态的影响

Effect of phosphorus application on yield,quality,light temperature physiological characteristics,and root morphology in summer peanut

探究不同施磷水平对夏花生产量、品质及磷素积累动态、光温生理特性和根系形态影响效应,为花生高效科学施用磷肥提供理论支持。2021—2022年在河南省温县布置磷肥用量田间试验,供试品种为“豫花22”,设P2O50、30、60、90、120 kg hm^(-2)5个磷肥用量处理。于成熟期测定夏花生荚果产量和品质指标,并分别于苗期、花针期、结荚期、饱果期测定叶片SPAD值、冠层光合有效辐射和冠层温度,采集植株样品分析植株磷素积累量和根系形态。结果表明,随施磷量增加,2年夏花生荚果产量均呈“线性+平台”趋势变化,适宜施磷量分别为94 kg hm^(-2)和95 kg hm^(-2),施磷处理2年平均增产23.68%。成熟期籽粒粗蛋白、含油量和氨基酸含量均随施磷量增加呈“先升高后趋于稳定”趋势变化。与不施磷相比,施磷90 kg hm^(-2)时籽粒粗蛋白、含油量和氨基酸含量2年度平均增幅分别为11.06%、3.89%和11.58%,效果显著。通过Logistic方程对夏花生磷素积累量进行非线性回归拟合,得出施磷处理通过提高夏花生磷素最大积累速率(V_(m))和平均积累速率(V),延长快速积累期(Δt)与活跃积累期(T_(aas)),进而提高磷素最大积累量(Y_(m));适量施磷提高各部位磷素吸收积累量,促进磷素向荚果中分配。夏花生冠层最高温、最低温与平均温均随施磷量的增加显著降低;叶片SPAD值与冠层光合有效辐射量(APAR)和分量(FPAR)在施磷90 kg hm^(-2)时显著增加;施磷处理夏花生耕层总根长、根平均直径、根体积和根表面积分别平均增加48.50%、16.25%、37.80%和21.88%。磷肥利用率和偏生产力随施磷量增加逐渐降低,农学效率呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。合理施磷可显著提高夏花生产量、改善品质,促进磷素积累利用并显著改善生育期光温生理性能。本试验条件下夏花生推荐施磷量为90 kg hm^(-2)。

Phosphorus(P)application status on the yield,quality,phosphorus accumulation dynamics,physiological characteristics of light and temperature,and root morphology of summer peanuts were explored to provide theoretical support for the efficient and scientific application of P in peanuts.Field experiment was conducted in Wen county,Henan province from 2021 to 2022.Five P(P2O5)fertilization treatments(0,30,60,90,and 120 kg hm^(-2))were applied using variety“Yuhua 22”as the experimental material.The yield and quality indicators of summer peanut pods were measured at mature stage,leaf SPAD value,canopy photosynthetic effective radiation,and canopy temperature were determined at seedling stage,flowering-pegging stage,pod-setting stage,and pod-filling stage,respectively.Plant samples were collected to analyse P accumulation and root morphology.Results showed that the“linear+platforms trends”were observed between P rates and peanut pods yield in both years and the optimal P application rates were 94 kg hm^(-2)and 95 kg hm^(-2),respectively.P application increased yield by 23.68%on average.The contents of crude protein,oil and amino acid in grain at maturity had a trend of“first increasing and then stabilizing”with the increasing P application rates.Compared with no P application(0 kg hm^(-2)),the average increasing rate of crude protein,oil and amino acid contents in grain with P application of 90 kg hm^(-2)was 11.06%,3.89%,and 11.58%,respectively.The P accumulation amount of summer peanuts was fitted by nonlinear regression through the Logistic equation,and it was concluded that P application treatments increased the maximum amount of P accumulation(Y_(m))by increasing the maximum accumulation rate(V_(m))and the average accumulation rate(V)of P and prolonging the rapid accumulation period(Δt)and the active accumulation period(T_(aas)).Applying proper amount of P increased the absorption and accumulation of P in each part and promoted the distribution of P to pod.The maximum,minimum,and mean temperatures of the summer peanut canopy all decreased significantly with the increases of P rates.Peanut leaf SPAD values and canopy photosynthetically active radiation(APAR)and fractions(FPAR)significantly increased with P application of 90 kg hm^(-2).Total root length,average root diameter,root volume,and root surface area of the ploughing layer in summer peanuts were increased by an average of 48.50%,16.25%,37.80%,and 21.88%,respectively,in P application treatments.Phosphorus fertilizer recovery efficiency and partial factor productivity decreased gradually with the increase of P application,and agronomic efficiency showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing.Reasonable phosphorus application can significantly increase the yield and quality of summer peanuts,promote the accumulation and utilization of phosphorus,and improve the physiological performance of light and temperature at reproductive stage.The recommended P application rate for summer peanuts under the conditions of this experiment was 90 kg hm^(-2).