汉语词义缩小的机制——以名词词义的缩小为例

The Mechanism of Chinese World Meaning Narrowing—A Case Study of Noun Meaning Narrowing

随着社会的不断发展,词的语义内容不断发生变化,词义缩小是词的语义内容演变的一种途径。研究词义缩小的特点及缩小的机制,不仅能够揭示词发展变化的重要形式,而且对于实际的语言交际和运用也具有重要意义,为词汇学的研究提供补充材料。该文以名词为研究对象,选取《现代汉语词典》《古代汉语词典》《汉语大词典》中词义缩小的语料,进行分类描写。在此基础上,分析各类名词词义缩小的特点,从语言的内部和外部分析名词词义缩小的原因,从而更加全面地认识词义缩小的相关机制,为词义演变的研究提供相应参考。

With the continuous development of society,the semantic content of words is constantly changing.Narrowing the meaning of words is a way to evolve the semantic content of words.The study of the characteristics and mechanism of word meaning narrowing can not only reveal the important forms of word development and change,but also be of great significance to the actual language communication and application.It provides supplementary materials for the research of lexicology.In this paper,nouns are selected as the research object,and the data of word meaning narrowing are collected and classified in Contemporary Chinese Dictionary,Ancient Chinese Dictionary and Chinese Dictionary.On this basis,the author analyzes the characteristics of the narrowing of the meanings of various nouns.This paper also analyzes the causes of noun meaning narrowing from the inside and outside of language,so as to understand the mechanism of word meaning narrowing in a more comprehensive way,and to provide relevant references for the study of word meaning evolution.