由乐制转向礼制: 南北郊制度建构的学理来源

Transformation from Musical System to Ritual System:Theoretical Source of the Construction in the System of Southern and Northern Suburbs

南北郊及郊祀制度原本源于乐制,在西汉进入礼制。冬至日大纵乐五日于南郊,以乐之六变风物而礼天神;夏至日大纵乐五日于北郊,以乐之八变风山川而祀地祇,由此形成了以音乐和顺阴阳的校乐、作乐及合乐制度。四时郊气各以乐舞相配,西汉亦转化为郊五帝的礼制。汉武帝在冬至日郊祀太一,即是杂采旧制而自为之。汉儒旧说见诸纬书,王莽托古改制,设南北郊以郊五帝,为汉确立了郊祀制度,其日渐重礼义而轻乐义,故后世多以礼制论之。

The sacrificial system in southern and northern suburbs was originated from the musical system and transformed into the ritual system in the Western Han Dynasty.Playing music with six musical changes on the winter solstice in the southern suburb for five days offered sacrifice to the heaven;playing music with eight musical changes on the summer solstice in the northern suburb for five days offered sacrifice to the earth.Thus the system of music modification,music composition,and instrumental ensemble came into being for the purposes to compose music and to be consistent with yin-yang.The suburban atmosphere in four seasons matched with music and dance,which was transformed into the suburban ritual system sacrificing the Five Emperors in the Western Han Dynasty.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopting the existing system and creating the sacrificial ritual system sacrificed Taiyi(Polaris)in the suburb on the winter solstice.Divination text preserved the theories proposed by the Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty;Wang Mang reformed the sacrificial system by setting the northern and southern suburbs to worship the Five Emperors and established the suburban sacrifice system.The reformed system put emphasis on rites rather than music,so the later generations mostly address it as the ritual system.