浅析中世纪晚期英国的“制服和维护”

A Brief Analysis of “Livery and Maintenance” in the Late Medieval England

中世纪晚期的英国,货币经济兴起,经由战争催化,迎合时代需求的“制服和维护”系统成为维系领主与侍从关系运行的主要纽带。十四世纪,“制服”使用跳出家庭仆人群体,成为领主保留更大范围侍从群体的表达。同期,为受庇护者提供保护和报酬的“维护”因其实施的灵活性,也逐渐依托“制服”使用推行开来。然而,由于战时需求以及统治阶层对该制度运行的有意放松,十五世纪前后,本就低约束性的“制服和维护”逐渐被肆虐滥用,遂发展成为历任英国君主难以忽视的统治威胁。

In the late medieval England,the rise of monetary economy,catalyzed by wars,and the“livery and maintenance”system,which met the needs of the times,became the main link to maintain the operation of the relationship between lords and their retainers.In the 14th century,the use of“livery”stepping out of the domestic servant group and became an expression for the lord’s to retain a wider group of retainers.Over the same period,“maintenance”,which provides protection and remuneration for asylum-seekers,has been increasingly promoted on the basis of the use of“livery”because of its flexibility in implementation.However,due to wartime needs and the dominance hierarchy’s intention to relax the operation of the system,around the 15th century,the already low binding“livery and maintenance”was gradually abused,and then developed into a threat to the rule that was difficult to ignore by successive British monarchs.