欧洲流域水资源综合管理战略发展回顾与思考

Review and reflection on the development of integrated water resources management strategy in European basins

水资源是维持人类生存和推动经济社会发展的基础和命脉,是无法被替代的重要自然资源。目前可被人类利用的淡水资源仅占全球水资源的2%,且空间分布不均。由于气候变化的影响、人口增长的威胁以及前所未有的城市化发展规模,水资源综合管理面临的稀缺性、竞争性挑战日益凸显。在最严峻形势的预测下,2030年全球竞争性用水需求将导致世界40%的地区面临供水短缺问题。为了更好应对未来“自然-社会”二元驱动力作用下水资源供需协调、水生态保护及水灾害防御治理三个方面的挑战,水行政主管部门需要制定更科学、更具包容性且可持续的水资源管理战略及政策。据经济合作与发展组织(OECD)分析,由于国家之间及国家内部存在差异性,没有一种放之四海而皆准的水管理战略可以用于解决当今全球范围内的水问题。但是基于水资源的流动性及完整性提出的以流域为单元进行管理的战略已被越来越多的国家所采纳。20世纪60年代,欧洲发达国家认识到综合管理水资源的必要性,至今已制定、推动了一系列管理战略及政策法规。通过回顾梳理这一历程,提出应对不断变化的水挑战的思考,以期为中国水资源综合管理战略制定提供借鉴。

Water resources are the foundation and lifeline for maintaining human survival and promoting socioeconomic development,and are irreplaceable and important natural resources.Currently,freshwater resources that can be utilized by humans only account for 2%of global water resources,and their spatial distribution is uneven.The impact of climate change,the threat of population growth,and the unprecedented scale of urbanization have led to increasingly prominent scarcity and competitive challenges in integrated water resource management.Under the most severe form of prediction,global competitive water demand by 2030 will lead to 40%of the world’s regions facing water supply shortages.In order to better cope with the challenges of water resource supply and demand coordination,water ecological development protection,and water disaster prevention and control under the dual driving force of nature society in the future,water administrative departments need to formulate more scientific,inclusive,and sustainable water resource management strategies and policies.According to the analysis of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD),due to differences and diversity between and within countries,there is no universally applicable water management strategy that can be used to solve water problems on a global scale today.However,the strategy of managing water resources based on the fluidity and integrity of water resources,with“river basins”as the unit,has been increasingly adopted by more and more countries.This article reviews a series of management strategies,policies,and regulations formulated and promoted by developed European countries since the 1960s when they recognized the necessity of comprehensive water resource management.It proposes ideas for addressing the constantly changing water challenges,in order to provide reference for the formulation of comprehensive water resource management strategies in China.