利用生物浸出技术从固废中回收稀有金属的研究进展

Research progress on the recovery of rare metals from solid waste by bioleaching technology

稀有金属支撑着各国经济的发展和高精尖技术的进步,我国稀有金属储量大、原矿品位高,但分布稀散、人均可利用量少且提取率较低。富矿资源的消耗并不能完全满足工业生产需求,因此从低品位矿石中提取或从废矿、废弃物中回收稀有金属已成为目前研究的热点。固废的堆积严重影响地下水和表层土壤的酸碱平衡、造成严重的重金属污染、破坏生态系统原有的稳态结构。研究表明固废中富集了大量稀有金属元素,利用生物浸出技术从固废中浸提稀有金属可以极大提高固废附加值。本文介绍了多种常见固废的产量和理化性质、生物浸出机理、分类和工艺,并总结了常见固废生物浸出技术的研究进展。结果发现,目前的固废生物浸出技术仍存在智能化水平低、短期收益低、周期长、工艺链路复杂等诸多问题,有新型浸矿菌种的选育、微生物对固废的适应性、针对单一元素特异性浸提的难点和突破点,并提出了向新质生产力靠拢、发展智能化生物浸出技术、优化工艺结构的一系列建议。固废的综合利用仍处于不断发展的阶段,研究开发资源节约型、环境友好型的生物浸出技术对稀有金属资源的高效利用有重要意义。

Rare metals support the economic development and advanced high-tech industries in various countries.China has a large reserve of rare metals and a high grade of raw ore,but its distribution is sparse,the amount of available per capita is small and the extraction rate is relatively low.The consumption of rich mineral resources cannot fully meet the needs of industrial production demands.Therefore,extracting or recovering rare metals from low-grade ore or waste has become a current research hotspot.The accumulation of solid waste seriously affects the acid-base balance of groundwater and topsoil,causes heavy metal pollution and destroys the original stable structure of ecosystem.Research has shown that a large amount of rare metal elements are enriched in solid waste,and the value-added of solid waste can be greatly increased by bioleaching technology.In this paper,the yield,physical and chemical properties,bioleaching mechanism,classification and process of several common solid wastes are introduced,and the research progress of common solid waste bioleaching technologies are summarized.The results show that the current solid waste bioleaching technology still faces many problems,such as low intelligent level,low short-term income,long cycle,and complex process link.There are difficulties and breakthroughs in the selection of new leaching strains,adaptability of microorganisms to solid waste,and specific extraction of single elements.A series of suggestions are put forward,such as closing to new quality productivity,developing intelligent bioleaching technology and optimizing process structure.The comprehensive utilization of solid waste is still in the developing stage.The research and development of resource-saving and environmentally friendly biological leaching technologies is of great significance for the efficient utilization of rare metal resources.