从单向到协同:美国研究生学位授权审核中的大学自主性

From Unilateral to Collaborative:University Autonomy in the Review of American Graduate Degree Authorizationand Audit

大学自主性对美国研究生学位授权审核体系发展完善至关重要。美国研究生学位授权审核体系发展历经宗主国主导、州政府主导和多模式授权审核等三个重要阶段。在制度层面,每个阶段形塑大学自主性的制度环境分别具有宽泛自由、强化边界和分类协调等特征;在技术层面,不同阶段大学自主性发展表现出在“叛逆”中探索、在争持中磨合和在张力中平衡等特征。两个层面自主性互动从机械对接渐趋协同互嵌,不断生成能适应研究生教育治理情境的大学自主性。提高自我评估的地位和权威性、增强大学自主意识和优化多元主体参与机制等经验,可供我国在研究生学位授权审核机制中进一步提升和彰显大学自主性借鉴与反思。

The autonomy of universities is crucial for the development and improvement of the graduate degree authorization and audit system in the United States.The development of this system has gone through three important phases:dominated by the colonial powers,led by state governments,and a multi-modal accreditation system.At the institutional level,each stage has shaped the environment for university autonomy with characteristics such as broad freedom,strengthened boundaries,and categorized coordination.Technically,the development of university autonomy in diferent stages is characterized by exploration in"rebellion",friction in contentions,and balance in tensions.The interaction between the two levels of autonomy has evolved from mechanical coupling to synergistic integration,continual-ly creating a form of university autonomy that can be adapted to the governance context of graduate education,The experiences gained from enhancing the status and authority of self-assessment,strengthening awareness of university autonomy,and optimizing the partici-pation mechanisms of multiple entities can serve as valuable reference and points for reflection.These can assist China in further enhan-cing and showcasing university autonomy within the mechanism of graduate degree authorization and audit system.