马铃薯机械化收获除杂技术与装备研究进展

Research progress in the technology and equipment for potato mechanized harvesting and impurity removal

高效低损除杂是马铃薯机械化收获的核心环节,直接影响马铃薯的收获效率与收获品质,是助推马铃薯收获模式制定与收获装备研发与产业化进程的关键。由于不同马铃薯种植地区的自然环境等区域差异性较大,各地区马铃薯种植和收获模式复杂多变,因此对马铃薯机械化收获的除杂技术、装置结构和作业原理的需求各不相同。机械化收获除杂是减少生产成本、提高经济效益的重要方法,该研究基于国内马铃薯种植农艺,分析了国内外典型的马铃薯收获机基本结构和技术特点,对马铃薯机械化收获秧膜杂处理技术进行归纳总结,阐述薯土分离、薯秧分离、残膜回收及杂质清选等环节的装置结构与工作原理,对比分析不同除杂装置的特点与技术指标。针对国内覆膜种植、丘陵地区土壤粘重等特点,指出制约国内马铃薯除杂机械化发展的关键问题,并提出规范种植体系,研制适用机型与专用装备,农机农艺农信相融合和产学研相结合等建议,以期为马铃薯机械化收获除杂技术装备的研发应用奠定基础。

Potatoes have been widely used as food and vegetable,due to their drought resistance to low soil fertility,high water use efficiency and economic benefits.The potato industry is of great significance to ensuring national food security in poverty alleviation.Efficient and low-loss impurity removal can be one of the most important links in the mechanized harvesting of potatoes.The models and equipment of harvesting can be expected to promote the quality of potatoes.However,the planting and harvesting patterns of potatoes are varied greatly under different natural environments in each region.The various demand is required for the impurity removal,device structure and working principles for mechanized potato harvesting.It is very necessary for the device of seedling film impurity suitable for potato harvesting patterns in different regions.Furthermore,the potatoes often experience bruising or mechanical damage during movements,such as falling,impact,rolling,and friction,in mechanized harvesting.Therefore,the impact damage of potatoes can be expected to be explored during impurity removal.The innovative design and structural optimization of impurity removal devices are also important means to improve the performance of harvesting equipment.A tradeoff can be considered to balance the efficient impurity separation and low-loss harvesting.The research direction of potato impurity removal is how to separate the potato chunks from soil,seedlings,residual film,and debris,according to the harvesting of root and stem crops.This article aims to review the basic structure and technical status of the typical potato harvesters from the perspective of potato planting agronomy.A summary was also given on the membrane impurity treatment of mechanized potato harvesting seedlings,covering the device structure and working principle of potato soil separation,potato seedling separation,residual film recovery,and impurity cleaning.A comparison was then made to evaluate the technical indicators of different impurity removal devices.In response to the plastic film planting and soil viscosity in hilly areas in China,the influencing factors were proposed for potato impurity removal,including uneven development in different planting areas,large differences in mechanization level,difficulty in handling seedling film impurities,significant damage to potato harvest,and the need to improve mechanical technology and manufacturing level.A standardized and unified potato planting system should be established in the same planting area.The planting types were then recommended to reduce the cost of impurity removal in potato harvesting.Much attention can be pained on new technologies,such as sensors,electro-hydraulic control,image processing,machine vision,intelligent measurement and control.New structures and overload protection can be utilized to reduce the loss of the material in the key technologies of impurity removal.Advanced electromechanical,hydraulic and pneumatic technologies can be applied to improve the performance and reliability of products.The intelligent,precise,and information-based agricultural equipment can be focused on the key technical challenges,such as intelligent control,loss reduction,cost saving and high efficiency.New technologies,materials,equipment,and processes can greatly contribute to the mechanized impurity removal in potato harvesting.