里斯本地震与康德的思想转向

The Lisbon Earthquake and Kant's Turn of Thought

作为一位自1747年起从事哲学思考与著述近60年的哲学家,康德一生历经了许多重要的思想转捩点,除却休谟对其教条主义之迷梦的唤醒等这些广为人知的文化事件之外,1755年11月1日万圣节当天发生在里斯本的大地震对康德的震撼亦不容小觑。这一重大的自然事件,对康德的影响主要体现在两个方面:首先,就自然世界的认知而言,里斯本的这次灾难使得康德对自然现象的理解从侧重抽象思辨的面向转为了科学经验的维度;其次,就神义论的理解来说,康德显然不再满足于先前蒲柏式的乐观主义,而是在融合克鲁修斯思想的基础上,走向了温和的莱布尼茨式的“理智论”这一立场。在刚刚经历过“新冠”疫情的当前时代,回顾和反思自然灾难与康德思想转向之间的深层关系,无论对个人还是社会而言,均不无裨益。

As one who engaged in philosophical thinking and writing for nearly sixty years since A.D.1747,Kant experienced many important turning points in thought during his life.In addition to some well-known events such as being awakened from his dogmatic slumber by Hume,the Lisbon Earthquake occurred on November 1,1755 also shocked Kant greatly.The impact of this major natural event on Kant's thought mainly reflected in two aspects.First,in terms of the cognition of the natural world,this disaster in Lisbon had transformed Kant's understanding of natural phenomena from abstract thinking to scientific experience.Second,on the understanding of theodicy,Kant was obviously no longer satisfied with Popes optimism,but moved towards weak Leibnizs optimism on the basis of integrating Crusiusideas.To the present day,it will be undoubtedly valuable both for individuals and for society to review the relationship between Kant's turn of thought and the natural disaster.