从认识状态看汉语应答语的功能类型

A Study on the Functional Types of Chinese Responses in the Perspective of Epistemic Status

互动双方在发话前都会对彼此的认识状态进行评估,评估的结果会通过语言形式表现出来。相邻对中引发者和应答者对彼此认识状态的评估存在八种逻辑可能性,以此为标准或可为信息寻求和告知序列中汉语应答语的诸多功能类型提供统一的解释维度。研究发现,不同应答形式集中体现了应答者对引发者评估的认可度:在应答者视角下,当双方对彼此认识状态的评估相一致时,应答形式一般比较简单,是无标记的;而当双方评估不一致时,应答形式通常具有更复杂的韵律或句法特征,是有标记的。健康类访谈节目中应答语“对”和“噢”分布的统计结果,进一步展现出认识权威在应答形式选择中发挥的作用。此外,新的视角还能为应答语得体性的对外汉语教学提供新的切入点。

Both sides of the interaction will evaluate each other′s epistemic status before speaking,and the evaluation results will be expressed in the form of language.The assessment modes of mutual epistemic status by the initiator and the respondent in adjacency pairs have eight logical possibilities.Based on this,the paper attempts to explore the unified explanatory dimensions behind the many functional types of the Chinese responses in the information-seeking or informing sequence in previous studies.It is found that different response forms collectively reflect the respondent′s recognition of the initiator′s assessment:from the perspective of the recipient,when the assessments of each other′s epistemic status are consistent,the response forms are generally simple and unmarked;when the two are inconsistent,the response forms usually have more complex on prosodic or syntactic features and are marked.The statistical data of the distribution of the two typical responses dui(对) and ou(噢) demonstrates the significance of epistemic authority in the selection of response forms.In addition,the perspective of epistemic status is hopeful to be a breakthrough on teaching appropriateness of Chinese responses.