清末孙中山提出五权学说的时间节点及政治指向

The Turning Point and Political Direction of Sun Yat-sen's Five-power Constitution Theory in the Late Qing Dynasty

依据清末法国在华情报机构报告所存孙中山信函,可证孙中山提出五权学说的时间应在1906年初欧游之后,至迟不晚于是年6月。厘定这一问题,可以准确把握孙中山革命学说的变化脉络,以及他的政治指向:在党内打破同盟会成员对三权分立学说的执迷,统一思想认知;对外宣传则要对抗立宪派和占领学理制高点,凸显中国革命学说的先进性,争取欧美国家对中国革命的支持。检讨各方关于三权、四权、五权的学理与制度设计的论争和言说,可见三权分立并非牢不可破的真理,适于本国历史与传统的政治学说才可为政治实践奠定坚实理论基础。

Based on the preserved correspondence between Sun Yat-sen and French intelligence agencies in the late Qing Dynasty,it can be proven that Sun Yat-sen proposed the Five-power Constitution theory no later than June of 1906,shortly after his trip to Europe.By establishing this timeline,we can accurately grasp the evolution of Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary theory and his political direction.Within the revolutionary political party,his aim was to break the members of the Tongmenghui's fixation on the Separation of Powers theory and establish a unified ideological understanding.In terms of external propaganda,he sought to counter the constitutionalists and occupy the commanding heights in academic discourse,emphasizing the advanced nature of Chinese revolutionary theory and seeking support from European and American countries for the Chinese revolution.The debates and discussions surrounding the theories and institutional designs of the Separation of Powers,Four-power,and Five-power demonstrate that the Separation of Powers is not an inviolable truth.A political theory that is suitable for a country's history and traditions can lay a solid theoretical foundation for political practice.