战争的社会理论:一战期间及战后马克斯·韦伯的精神劳动刍议

A Social Theory of War:Geistige Arbeit of Max Weber during and after World War Ⅰ

韦伯研究领域的一个挑战是其学术与政治的某种分立乃至张力。本文提倡一种贯通式的韦伯文献阅读方法,以第一次世界大战及战争体验为前提,梳理韦伯的诸多政治参与和学术研究,以精神劳动概念统合其战时贡献的四个层次:组建战时医院等实际行动层次;参与外交和谈、政党政治等制度建设层次;积极发挥社会影响的公共舆论层次;著述、教学的学术研究层次。本文认为,有关战争的理论思考是韦伯战时论述中一条隐在的线索,以新教伦理的研究为立足点,他反对所谓战争有助于近代资本主义发展的命题;从其诸多战时政治评论之中,可以提炼出战争与和平的某种辩证关系;其背后是一个普遍而无定形的权力逻辑。正是通过其精神劳动,韦伯自身也彰显出从被动的战争之民到主动担当的政治人的转变。本文认为有必要进一步开拓研究视野,将战争作为基础理论问题纳入社会学学科的基本框架之中。

One challenge in Max Weber study is the separation and tension between science and politics.Thispaper proposes a comprehensive approach to Weber's literature,to comb through his various political andacademic activities.With the concept of Geistige Arbeit/spiritual labor,four aspects of Weber's contribu-tion during the war could be integrated:the establishment of wartime hospitals;participation in peace ne-gotiations,party politics,etc.;exerting public influence by lectures and newspaper articles;writing andteaching as a scholar and professor.Base on his study of Protestant ethics,Weber opposed the propositionthat war would contribute to the emergence and development of modern capitalism.From Weber's politi-cal comments during the First World War,this paper extracts a dialectical relationship between war andpeace,behind this relationship is a universal logic of power while power itself is amorphous.Through hisspiritual labor,Weber realized the transition from being passively affected by the war to taking the initia-tive to assuming political responsibility.To sum up,this paper argues that it is necessary for sociology tofurther expand its research horizons by adopting war into its basic framework as a fundamental issue of the-oretical research.