天竺地理观念在中土的传播与接受--以“佛教圣山河源说”为例

The Spread and Acceptance of the Geographical Concept of Tianzhu in China——Take the Theory of the River Origin System of Buddhist Holy Mountain as an example

因地理视野不同,佛教“阿耨达池(山)河流发源体系”存在四河、五河与八河之分异。东汉末年,“四河说”开始与中国本土的“昆仑河流发源体系”相融合。十六国时期,道安将“四河”演绎为“六大水”。唐宋时期,僧俗两界分别从不同侧面对“佛教圣山河源说”进行了阐释,其中道宣因推崇“天竺中心观”而尤其倡导此说。此后,元代都实的探源之举动摇了“河出昆仑说”和“佛教圣山河源说”的地理基础,清康熙时期的地理实践进一步使河源与“佛教圣山”相分离,但乾隆以后,“佛教圣山河源说”在知识界仍有着不容小觑的影响力。这一历史认知现象表明,在现代地理学兴起以前,宗教地理学说是古人认识世界的一个重要参考。

Due to different geographical perspectives,there are three different theories in Buddhism River Origin System centered on Lake/Mountain Anavatapta,included Four Rivers theory,Five Rivers theory and Eight Rivers theory.After the end of Eastern Han Dynasty,the Four Rivers theory began to inte-grate with the Kunlun River Origin System in China.During the Sixteen Kingdoms Period,Dao'an inter-preted Four Rivers as Six Rivers.During the Tang and Song Dynasties,monks and secular scholars inter-preted the river origin system of Buddhist holy mountain from different perspectives,in which Daoxuan vig-orously advocated this theory for respecting the Tianzhu Center theory.Since then,Dushi's exploration of the origin of Yellow River in the Yuan Dynasty had shaken the geographical basis of the theory of the Yellow River derived from Kunlun mountains and the theory of the river origin system of Buddhist holy mountain.The geographical practice in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty further separated the Yellow River source area from the Buddhist holy mountain.However,after the Qianlong period,the theory of the river ori-gin system of Buddhist holy mountain still had a considerable influence in the intellectual circles.This his-torical phenomenon shows that religious geography theory was an important reference for the ancients to un-derstand the world before the popularization of modern geography.