明清陕甘卫所的行政化

The Administration of Weisuo System in Shaanxi Province and Gansu Province during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明代同知、通判分驻卫所及其衍生的厅制是弥补卫所军管体制而形成的一种特殊的管理体制与政区形态。此例较早见于陕甘诸卫,明廷先以同知、通判兼理卫仓,又因时因事授以监收、抚民、屯兵诸名号,同知、通判之权责亦从临时派驻办理专务演变为定期常驻且兼辖民政,渐具厅之雏形。弘治以降,巩昌府、临洮府通判分驻陕甘边卫监收仓储。嘉靖、万历年间,巩昌同知分驻岷州、凉州等卫,临洮同知分驻兰州、河州、甘州等卫,其中兰、河监收同知与州、卫并存且办理专务;甘、凉屯兵同知及岷州抚民同知兼管数卫并具行政全权,渐成诸卫所之上的行政单位,初具政区厅之性质。随着清雍正年间陕甘卫所转隶府辖,各厅相继改为府州县,清廷又在河西新拓疆域推行厅卫混合的治理模式。此类厅卫互嵌的管理体制在明清陕甘行政制度转型中发挥着承上启下的过渡作用,亦折射出明清王朝疆域统合与边地治理的多元面相。

The Tongzhi(同知)and Tongpan(通判)stationed in the Weisuo and the formation of the Ting system(厅制)were specific administrative system and district pattern,which aimed at making up for the implement of military management system.This practice emerged in the weisuo that located in the Shaanxi province and Gansu province.The Tongzhi and Tongpan managed the Weicang(卫仓)and they were given the titles included Jianshou(监收),Fumin(抚民)and Tunbing(屯兵)by the central government.The power and responsibilities of them had changed to be regularly stationed in Weisuo and manage civil affairs instead of being temporary stationed in Weisuo.The Ting system gradually formed.After the reign of Xiaozong in the Ming Dynasty,The Tongpan from Gongchang Fu(巩昌府)and Lintao Fu(临洮府)stationed in Weisuo along the boundary of the Shaanxi province and Gansu province to supervise storage.In the reign of Shi-zong,Muzong and Shenzong in the Ming Dynasty,The Tongzhi from Gongchang Fu managed Minzhou Wei(岷州卫)and Liangzhou Wei(凉州卫).And the Tongzhi from Lintao Fu managed Lanzhou Wei(兰州卫),Hezhou Wei(河州卫),Ganzhou Wei(甘州卫).The Tongzhi who managed Lanzhou Wei and Hezhou Wei was not subordinated to Zhou and Wei,and specialized their affairs.The Tunbing Tongzhi(屯兵同知)of Ganzhou Wei and Liangzhou Wei and Fumin Tongzhi(抚民同知)of Minzhou Wei managed several kinds of Weisuo and administered all affairs,which generally had the characteristic of the Ting system.The Weisuo in Shaanxi province and Gansu province changed to govern by Fu administrative district in the Yongzheng pe-riod.The Ting system was successively changed to the Fu,Zhou and Xian System.Meanwhile,the Qing gov-ernment implemented the Ting system and Weisuo system in the newly expanded territory of Hexi(河西).The complex Ting system and Weisuo system played the significant role in the transformation of the adminis-trative system of the Ming and Qing dynasties in Shaanxi province and Gansu province.It also reflected the diversity in integrating and governing the borderland area during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.