清中后期阴山山地开发与多元群体互动

The Development of Yinshan Mountain Region and the Interaction among Multiple Groups in the Middle and Late Qing Dynasty

阴山并非政治军事视野下萧索的边缘界线,它与草原、农田一样,是内蒙古高原民众生产生活的家园之一。清中后期,大量牧民、农民、商人、兵丁、“流匪”进入阴山进行林、猎、农、牧等多元生产。而在这一过程中,中央政府、地方政府、蒙旗王公、内地移民、商人势力、牧区蒙民等围绕阴山内部资源的开发有着博弈与合作、纠纷与妥协,在相当程度上推动了阴山及其周边地区社会经济的发展。这一时期阴山的开发,一方面展现出山内外密切互动,各群体共生的情形。另一方面,农牧交错的区位以及关涉蒙旗与边疆秩序的重要性,使得阴山的开发与南方山区相较,更易受政治军事因素影响。此外,山地开发中的矛盾冲突与无序开采等,也引发了社会纠纷与生态环境问题。

The Yinshan Mountain region is not a bleak borderline under the political and military vision.Like grassland and farmland,it is one of the important homes for people's production and life in the Inner Mongolian Plateau.In the middle and late Qing Dynasty,a large number of herders,farmers,merchants,sol-diers,and"bandits"migrated into the Yinshan Mountain region to engage in different livelihood,such as for-estry,hunting,agriculture,and animal husbandry.In this process,the central government,local governments,Mongolian banner lords,mainland immigrants,merchants,and Mongolians in pastoral areas engaged in co-operation,disputes,and compromises with the development of internal resources in Yinshan Mountain re-gion.These complex interactions largely promoted the development of Yinshan Mountain region and the socio-economic development of its surrounding areas.On the one hand,the development of Yinshan moun-tain region demonstrated close interaction between the inside and outside of the mountain regions,and the cooperation and symbiosis among various groups were not completely adversarial.On the other hand,the lo-cation of agro-pasturage ecotone,as well as the importance of the Mongolian banner and frontier order,made the development of Yinshan Mountain region more susceptible to political and military factors,com-pared with the southern mountainous areas.In addition,some contradictions and conflicts in mountain re-gion development,as well as the disorderly mining in some mountainous regions,led to certain social dis-putes and ecological environmental issues as well.