藏传佛教寺庙管理制度化与法治化的历史和现状

The History and Current Situation of the Institutionalization and Legalization of Tibetan Buddhist Monastery Management

历史上,藏传佛教寺庙管理在不同时期形成了相应的内部管理制度,对藏传佛教的发展传播起到了至关重要的作用。受政教合一制度的影响,寺庙管理从早期的堪布主导的管理制度演变为教派领袖主导的管理制度,再发展到活佛主导的管理制度,体现佛教教义和学经教育的内在需求的同时,也受封建割据势力和地方政权、部落、土司等世俗政治的影响,对藏传佛教的存续和发展产生了积极和消极双重作用。新中国成立后,寺庙管理制度开启了历史新纪元,步入了民主化、法治化的轨道,寺庙管理实行了自我管理、民主管理、依法管理,为藏传佛教与社会主义社会相适应提供了制度保障。文章围绕吐蕃时期藏传佛教寺庙的修建以及相应制度的建立、后弘期和政教合一时期进一步发展和完善寺庙管理制度、新中国成立后崭新的藏传佛教寺庙管理制度的建立等方面,对藏传佛教寺庙管理制度化、法治化的历史与现状,进行了较为系统的梳理与归纳。

Historically,the management of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries has formed corresponding internal management systems at different times,which played a vital role in the development and spread of Tibetan Buddhism.Influenced by the theocratic system,the monastery management has evolved from the early Khenpoled management system to the sect leader-led management system,and then to the Living Buddha-led management system.This not only reflected the inherent needs of Buddhist teachings and scripture study education,but also was affected by the feudal separatist forces and secular politics such as local governments,tribes,and chieftains,it had both positive and negative effects on the survival and development of Tibetan Buddhism.After the founding of New China,the management system of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries ushered in a new historical era and entered the track of democratization and rule of law.The management of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries implemented self-management,democratic management,and management in accordance with the law,providing a system for Tibetan Buddhism to adapt to the socialist society.The article focuses on the construction of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and the establishment of corresponding systems during the Tubo period,the further development and improvement of the management system during the period of the "Later Propagation" and the period of political and religious integration,and the establishment of a new management system of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries after the founding of New China.The history and current situation of the institutionalization and legalization of the management of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries have been systematically sorted out and summarized.