十三世达赖喇嘛驻锡五台山期间与外国人员交往活动探析

Analysis on the Exchange Activities between the 13th Dalai Lama and Foreign Personnel during His Residence in Mount Wutai

十三世达赖喇嘛土登嘉措于光绪三十四年(1908) 2月20日到达五台山朝佛,在此居住半年之久后,于9月离开五台山。在此期间他多次会见外国人员,其中既有德国医生、法国探险家、日本僧侣这些非官方身份的人士,也有美国驻华公使、俄国内务大臣、英国外交官等具有官方身份的人员。达赖喇嘛作为西藏地方政教领袖,到内地开展弘法、与各界人士交流谈话都属正常,但他在五台山期间却频繁与外国人员接触,交谈内容不仅涉及宗教交流、贸易往来,而且更重要的是有不少关于政治、外交类问题。考察其在五台山活动期间与外国人员交往的历史,可以更加清楚地了解达赖喇嘛在五台山期间的活动对其后来的影响,以及外国人染指西藏事务的事实。

Thub-bstan rGya-mtsho,the 13th Dalai Lama,arrived at Mount Wutai to worship Buddha on February 20,the 34th year of Guangxu( 1908),lived in Mount Wutai for half a year,and left Mount Wutai in September 1908.During this period,he met with foreign personnel multiple times,including unofficial figures such as German doctors,French explorers,and Japanese monks,as well as official envoys such as the US envoy to China,the Russian Minister of the Interior,and British diplomats.As a local political leader in Xizang,it is normal for the Dalai Lama to travel to the mainland to promote Buddhism and to have exchanges and talks with people from all walks of life.However,during his stay in Mount Wutai,he frequently contacted foreign people,not only involving religious exchanges and trade exchanges,but also,more importantly,many political and diplomatic issues.By examining the history of his exchanges with foreign personnel during his stay in Mount Wutai,we can better understand the activities of the Dalai Lama during his stay in Mount Wutai and the influence on later years,and the facts of foreign involvement in Xizang affairs.