体教融合创新发展:美国高校运动员“侧门”招生舞弊案的审思

Reflections on the“Side Door”Enrollment Scandal of American College Athletes

美国高校学生运动员“侧门”招生舞弊案是指通过有组织的作弊、行贿和欺诈等手段,让富人家庭子女不正当地进入名牌大学,这起案件的规模之大令全球震惊。文章从多中心治理理论视角对“侧门”招生问题背景与根源进行了批判与反思,为我国体教融合创新发展之路提供建言。研究认为,美国高校激烈竞争的生态环境使大学体育享有独特的地位,业余主义的宽进严管,自主治理的制度安排,以及这些因素共同组成的激励结构是“侧门”招生问题产生的根源,司法干预对此予以纠正并维护美国大学体育的正常运转,为美国竞技体育提供了人才基础。对国内体教融合创新发展之路而言,其激励结构可资借鉴。国内应发挥集中统一的体制优势,以做大做强大学体育为目标,充分调动各方面的积极性,破解招生局限、深化资源整合,完善竞赛体系,开拓体教融合新局面。

The“side door”enrollment scandal of American college student athletes refers to the organized cheating,bribery,and fraud that enable children from wealthy families to enter prestigious universities unfairly,shocking the world with its magnitude.This paper criticizes and reflects on the background and root causes of the“side door”problem from the perspective of polycentric governance theory,and provides suggestions for the innovative development of sports and education integration in China.The study finds that the ecological environment of fierce competition in American higher education gives college sports a unique status,with the principles of amateurism allowing for lenient entry but strict management,and the institutional arrangements for autonomous governance.These factors,along with the incentive structure they collectively constitute,are the root causes of the“side door”enrollment.Judicial intervention corrects and maintains the normal operation of American collegiate sports,providing a talent base for American competitive sports.For the development of sports and education integration in China,its incentive structure can be used as a reference.China should leverage its centralized and unified system advantages to aim for the growth and strengthening of collegiate sports,fully mobilize all parties' enthusiasm,address admission limitations,deepen resource integration,improve the competition system,and explore new avenues for sports and education integration.