家父长之外的自由:马林诺夫斯基对弗洛伊德的理论挑战

Challenging the Patriarchal Basis of Freudian Theory:Malinowski's Theory of Freedom

文章综述了20世纪初精神分析和人类学领域围绕俄狄浦斯情结普遍性的问题展开的讨论。马林诺夫斯基的特罗布里恩德研究显示,母系社会不存在俄狄浦斯情结,而存在“憎母舅恋姐妹”的母系情结。一些学者对此表示质疑,认为母系情结只是对俄狄浦斯情结的一种转移,俄狄浦斯情结存在于母系社会,而且比西方父权社会更强烈。文章认为任何一个早期人类社会都必然存在俄狄浦斯情结。在以家父长制度为基础的印欧社会中,俄狄浦斯情结造成压抑并成为文明的动力;而在特罗布里恩德社会中,库拉交换渗透至家庭内部,形成以姻亲关系为本质的父子关系,因而俄狄浦斯情结可以被摆脱。

In the early twentieth century,debates about whether the Oedipus Complex is universal were heated involving psychoanalysts and anthropologists.Malinowski demonstrated that the Oedipus Complex was absent among the Trobriands while the matrilineal complex was evident there.Some scholars have challenged this,arguing that the matriarchal complex is merely a transference from the Oedipus Complex,which exists in matriarchal societies and is stronger than in Western patriarchal societies.This essay argues for the universalism of Oedipus Complex,though it functions diversely in different types of societies.In Indo-European patriarchal societies,suppression originated from the Oedipus Complex turns out to be vital to the emergence of civilization according to Freud,whereas in Trobriand society,the father-to-son relationship is shaped by kula rules,and the nephew's identifications towards his maternal uncle allow him to join local exchange systems gradually and steadily.