餐饮外卖平台的环境保护义务与责任研究——以餐饮包装废弃物之污染防治为重心

Research on the Environmental Protection Obligations and Responsibilities of Catering Takeaway Platforms-Focusing on Pollution Prevention and Control of Catering Packaging Waste

餐饮外卖行业大量使用一次性塑料餐具和包装盒,引发了复杂的环境污染问题。从现实状况看,我国的餐饮外卖包装废弃物污染防治面临着循环利用机制不健全、法律规范不完善等困境。从法理基础的角度看,餐饮外卖平台需承担包装废弃物污染防治义务,其重要依据在于平台企业同时具有新型市场主体与规制主体的双重属性,明显不同于传统企业。在法律义务和责任层面,对于餐饮外卖包装废弃物所引发的环境侵权现象,外卖平台属于帮助行为人,以不同的侵权行为方式,与侵权卖家构成共同侵权中的帮助侵权,二者应承担连带责任。在道德义务和责任层面,应赋予外卖平台更高的环境保护伦理标准和要求。当然,基于功能主义的观点,可以强化餐饮平台企业的环境保护义务和责任,但这需要有一定的条件和限度,应综合考虑多种复杂因素,权衡外卖平台应承担的义务、责任及其实现方式。在今后的发展方向上,应借鉴德日等国相关制度和实践,完善我国的循环经济法律制度体系,加强生产者责任延伸制度,优化餐饮外卖包装废弃物污染防治制度措施。

The extensive use of disposable plastic tableware and packaging boxes in the catering takeaway industry has caused complex environmental pollution problems.According to the realistic situation,China’s catering takeaway packaging waste pollution prevention and control is faced with problems including unsound recycling mechanism,imperfect legal norms and so on.From the perspective of jurisprudential basis,catering takeaway platforms should undertake the obligation of pollution prevention and control of packaging waste,based on the dual attributes of platform enterprises as both new market entities and regulatory entities,which is significantly different from traditional enterprises.In the aspect of legal obligations and responsibilities,as for environmental infringement caused by catering takeaway packaging waste,the takeaway platform is a helping actor with different infringement act.The act constitutes a joint infringement with the infringing seller,and the two should bear joint and several liabilities.In the aspect of moral obligations and responsibilities,takeaway platforms should be given stricter ethical standards and requirements for environmental protection.Of course,based on the functionalist viewpoint,the environmental protection obligations and responsibilities of catering platform enterprises can be strengthened,but this requires certain conditions and limits.Multiple complex factors should be considered to weigh the obligations and responsibilities that should be assumed by takeaway platforms and the ways to realize them.For the future development,we should learn from the relevant systems and practices of Germany,Japan and other countries to improve China’s circular economy legal system,strengthen the extended producer responsibility system,and optimize the system of measures for pollution prevention and control of catering takeaway packaging waste.