咸同之交江南的战局与政局:以吴煦为中心

The War and Political Situations in Jiangnan between the Xianfeng and Tongzhi Reigns:Focus on Wu Xu

1850年代中期,江浙官绅集团逐步形成。该集团以吴煦为首,与代表中枢权威的何桂清等人有良好的合作。在这个时期,该集团在财政方面有了较大的突破,也一度借太平军内讧,维持了江浙政局的稳定。1860年,再度兴起的太平军大败何桂清,曾国藩主政江南。借咸丰帝对何桂清的不满及江浙官绅对何氏的庇佑,曾国藩与李鸿章逐步整饬江南官场。吴煦虽有心投靠湘淮系,却终被逐出官场。湘淮系虽握有武力,也有自强的话语,但因与江浙官绅交恶,终未能在财政方面有更大的突破,成为他们自己和清政府日后政局转变的桎梏。

In the mid-1850s,Jiangsu and Zhejiang bureaucrats and gentry group gradually coalesced.Led by Wu Xu,this group cooperated well with representatives of central authority such as He Guiqing.During this period,these bureaucratic and gentry collaborations made significant breakthroughs in finance and relied on the internal strife of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to maintain stability in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.After 1860,the resurgent Taiping Army defeated He Guiqing,and Zeng Guofan took control of Jiangnan.Taking advantage of the Xianfeng's emperor's dissatisfaction with He Guiqing,as the officials and gentry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang tried to protect the He family,Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang gradually rectify offcials in Jiangnan.Although Wu Xu intended to seek refuge with Zeng Guofan,he was eventually expelled from officialdom.Although the Xiang-Huai clique wielded military power and had a discourse of self-improvement,their relationship with officials and gentry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang was not harmonious,and they ultimately failed to make greater breakthroughs in finance,which limited the future political transformation of the Qing government.