债权人撤销权的法律效果及其在程序上的实现

Creditor's Right to Revocation:Its Legal Effect and Procedural Realization

依据《民法典》第542条,诈害行为被撤销的,自始没有法律拘束力。对此,《民法典合同编通则解释》第46条进行了完善,首先规定了债权人有权要求相对人向债务人返还、价值补偿、履行义务,其次构建了债权人在相对人处实现债权的路线图,债权人可以请求人民法院一并审理撤销之诉与本诉,然后,债权人基于本诉与撤销之诉的胜诉判决可以在该债务人对相对人的权利上进行强制执行。相对于德国法、法国法上的直接请求权模式,强制执行模式存在执行名义不足、不能避免债务人转移财产或与相对人串通不恢复责任财产、过度破坏债务人与相对人法律关系等弊端。在程序上,撤销之诉应以本诉为前提,债务人的其他债权人也要提起本诉与撤销之诉,才可以对相对人的返还请求权进行强制执行,或者参加第一个撤销权人的强制执行程序,参与财产分配。债权人提起的撤销之诉的内容应包含相对人返还标的物或价值补偿给债务人,以及要求债务人将标的物或价值补偿用于清偿债务的内容。在撤销之诉主文上,可以表达为相对人返还标的物或价值补偿给债务人,并要求债务人将标的物或价值补偿用于清偿债务。撤销之诉的判决原则上没有扩张效力。

Under Article 542 of the Civil Code,a fraudulent act,if annulled,holds no binding le-gal force from the beginning.This concept is further refined under Article 46 of the"Interpretation of the General Principles of Contracts Section of the Civil Code".It grants the creditor the right to demand the counterparty to return property,provide compensation,and fulfill obligations to the debtor.Additionally,it outlines a process for the creditor to exercise their rights against the counterparty,allowing them to pe-tition the court to hear both the annulment and primary actions simultaneously.Subsequently,the creditor can enforce the debtor's rights against the counterparty based on the successful rulings in both actions.In contrast to the direct claim approach in German and French law,the enforcement model faces challenges such as inadequate execution details,vulnerability to property transfers by the debtor or his collusion with the counterparty to avoid restitution,and potential harm to the debtor-counterparty relationship.Proce-durally,annulment actions should be tied to primary actions,with other creditors of the debtor required to file these actions before enforcing the counterparty's obligation to return property or participating in property setlement.The annulment action filed by the creditor should demand the counterparty's return of property or compensation to the debtor,with the debtor using these assets to settle debts,while the primary action should explicitly state the return of property or compensation from the counterparty to the debtor,who then use these assets to clear debts.Generally,judgments on annulment actions do not extend beyond their specified scope.