郑州城市公园鸟类群落嵌套分布格局及其影响因素

Nested distribution patterns of bird assemblages and their influencing factors in Zhengzhou urban parks

为了探究郑州城市公园鸟类群落是否符合嵌套分布格局及其影响因素,本研究从中国观鸟记录中心收集了2019–2022年每年3–7月河南省郑州市15个城市公园的鸟类记录数据。使用WNODF(weighted nestedness metric based on overlap and decreasing fill)分别计算郑州城市公园全部鸟类、林鸟和水鸟群落的嵌套分布格局,采用Spearman偏相关检验分析了公园嵌套序列与公园特征参数(公园面积、隔离度、生境类型数量和建筑指数)的关系,以及物种嵌套序列与物种生态学特征(体长、地理分布范围、窝卵数和最小面积需求)的关系。WNODF分析结果显示,郑州城市公园全部鸟类、林鸟和水鸟群落均是显著嵌套的。Spearman偏相关分析结果显示,公园面积和最小面积需求与鸟类群落嵌套程度显著相关,生境地点矩阵分析结果显示为显著嵌套,建筑指数也会影响水鸟群落的嵌套分布格局,但随机放置模型结果显示城市公园鸟类不符合被动取样假说。因此,选择性灭绝与生境嵌套是郑州城市公园全部鸟类、林鸟和水鸟群落嵌套分布格局的主要驱动因素。研究结果表明,为了更好地保护郑州城市公园的鸟类多样性,应优先保护面积较大和生境类型多的公园,以及最小面积需求大的鸟类;同时由于水鸟与林鸟对城市化的反应不同,在制定保护策略时应区别对待。

Aims:To determine the nestedness distribution patterns and their influencing factors for communities of all birds,forest birds,and waterbirds in Zhengzhou urban parks.Methods:Bird data were collected for 15 urban parks in Zhengzhou City,Henan Province,from March to July of each year from 2019 to 2022 at the China Bird-watching Record Center(http://www.birdreport.cn/).The data were further checked and corrected according to A Field Guide to the Birds of China and A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China.For each urban park,we collected five habitat variables(park area,two isolation indices,number of habitat types,and building index),which are generally thought to influence nestedness patterns.For each species,we selected four life-history traits that reflect extinction and migration tendencies:body size,geographic range size,clutch size,and minimum area requirement.We used WNODF(weighted nestedness metric based on overlap and decreasing fill)to calculate the nestedness patterns of bird communities.We used the ss null model algorithm to randomly generate 1,000 matrices and estimated statistical results within a 95%confidence interval.Results:From 2019 to 2022,234 bird species belonging to 53 families and 17 orders were recorded in the 15 urban parks,including 144 forest bird species belonging to 33 families and 4 orders,and 67 waterbird species belonging to 13 families and 7 orders.Among the 234 bird species,5 species were endemic to China,2 species were classified as first-class national protected animals,and 30 species were classified as second-class national protected animals.The number of bird species surveyed in each park ranged from 19 to 135.The WNODF analysis results showed the avian communities in Zhengzhou urban parks were significantly nested.The nestedness communities of all birds,forest birds,and waterbirds in Zhengzhou urban parks was significantly associated with park area and certain extinction-related ecological characteristic(minimum area requirement).The habitat-site matrix in Zhengzhou urban parks was also significantly nested,which agrees with the habitat nestedness hypothesis.The building index,a measure of urbanization degree,also affected the the nestedness of waterbird assemblages.However,the nestedness of communities of all birds,forest birds,and waterbirds in Zhengzhou urban parks was not correlated with two isolation indices and body length,rejecting the selective immigration hypothesis.The nestedness of communities of all birds,forest birds,and waterbirds in Zhengzhou urban parks also did not support the passive sampling hypothesis.Conclusions:The nestedness patterns for communities of all birds,forest birds,and waterbirds in Zhengzhou urban parks are consistent with the selective extinction hypothesis and habitat nestedness hypothesis.To effectively conserve bird diversity,large parks with diverse habitats should be protected because park area and habitat diversity are important factors affecting the nestedness patterns of bird assemblages.In addition,bird species with large minimum area requirements should be given prior protection since these species are at a higher risk of local extinction.Finally,as waterfowl and forest birds respond differently to urbanization,these two types of birds should be treated differently when considering conservation strategies.