论意思表示公告方式选择与生效的双层构造

On the Double-layer Structure of the Choice and Effect of the Public Notice of Intention Expression

意思表示公告方式学说的单一化思维,产生了实践需求与理论无奈之张力。不同于私法上的其他公告,意思表示公告方式承载了私法自治工具的制度功能。意思表示生效时点的体系解释表明,公告方式适用于所有意思表示类型。因而参照《民事诉讼法》公告送达制度的多数说,不符合《民法典》第139条的文义与体系。合理的解释方向是,在尊重公告方式选择自由的基础上,通过生效控制原理避免公告方式的滥用。我国公告实践发展出的禁止增加负担的效力控制标准,可合理分配选择自由之风险。在该风险分配模式下,公告方式的限制类型分为法定负担情形下的主体限制、意定负担情形下的媒介限制、单方增加负担情形下类推适用《诉讼时效司法解释》第8条第1款第4项的限制、无相对人与单方加利情形下的无限制。

The unitary thinking of the theory of the public notice of intention expression has produced the tension between practical demand and theoretical helplessness.Different from other public notice in private law,the public notice of intention expression carries the institutional function of autonomous tool in private law.The system interpretation of the time when the expression of intention takes effect shows that the public notice is applicable to all types of expression of intention.Therefore,most of the views referring to the service by publication of the Civil Procedure Law do not conform to the meaning and system of Article 139 of the Civil Code.The reasonable interpretation direction is to avoid abuse that harms the interests of others through the effective control principle on the basis of respecting the freedom of choice of public notice.The effectiveness control standard developed in our country's public notice practice,which prohibits additional burden,can reasonably distribute the risk of freedom to choose the means of expression.Under this risk allocation model,the restrictions on the public notice include subject restrictions in the case of legal burden,media restrictions in the case of agreed burden,restrictions in the case of unilateral increase in burden by analogy with the application of Subparagraph 4 of Paragraph 1 of Article 8 of the Provisions of Supreme People's Court's on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Statute of Limitations System to Civil Cases,and no restrictions in the case of no counterpart or unilateral advantage.