超疏水表面的防除冰研究与发展

Anti-icing Research and Development of Superhydrophobic Surfaces

防除冰技术是航空飞行安全的重要保障。传统的电热、气动等防除冰手段具有能耗大、效率低等诸多问题,需要发展新的技术。受荷叶不沾水现象的启发,采用超疏水表面实现主动和被动防除冰具有巨大的应用前景,引起了研究者的广泛关注。但超疏水表面是否可以有效地防除冰,是否可以真正地投入应用,尚存在争议。本文对超疏水表面在防除冰领域的研究和发展进行梳理。本文介绍了超疏水表面的主要制备方法及其典型应用,探讨了超疏水表面疏水性与疏冰性之间的关系,指出超疏水表面的疏水性是疏冰性的必要但不充分条件。从静态与动态防除冰两个角度出发,详细讨论了超疏水表面在延迟结冰、抑制结霜、降低冰黏附强度、极端条件下液滴弹跳,以及动态环境下防除冰的机理及其研究现状;介绍了两类新兴的外场复合超疏水表面防除冰技术,并讨论了超疏水防除冰表面目前的问题以及未来发展方向。

Anti-icing technology is the key guarantee of aviation safety.Traditional electrothermal,pneumatic and other antiicing strategies have plenty of problems such as high energy consumption,low efficiency,which lead to many limitations in practical applications.Hence,it is urgent to develop new anti-icing technologies.Inspired by water-repellency of lotus leaves,superhydrophobic surfaces are regarded as a promising approach to realize passive anti-icing,which has also aroused extensive attention of researchers.However,there still exist controversies about whether superhydrophobic surfaces can deice effectively,and whether it can be really applied in our life.This paper detailedly summarizes the research and development of superhydrophobic surfaces in the field of anti-icing.The main fabrication methods of superhydrophobic surfaces and their typical applications are first introduced.The relationship between hydrophobicity and icephobicity of superhydrophobic surfaces is discussed.It is pointed out that hydrophobicity of superhydrophobic surfaces is a necessary but insufficient condition for icephobicity.The mechanism and research status of superhydrophobic surfaces in delayed icing,frost inhibition,low ice adhesion strength,droplet bounce under extreme conditions and anti-icing under dynamic conditions are discussed in detail.Two kinds of novel anti-icing techniques are presented,which are realized by the synergetic effects of superhydrophobic surfaces and external assistances.Finally,the current problems and future development directions of superhydrophobic anti-icing surfaces are discussed.