继承、改造和接纳——德里达与马克思的遗产

Inheritance,Transformation,and Reception:The Legacy of Derrida and Marx

20世纪法国哲学家大多对马克思著作和思想的不同方面有不同程度的解释和论述,形成了一个又一个各具特色的马克思观。正当“历史终结”“马克思死了”“马克思主义终结”等论调在20世纪90年代西方世界再次响起时,德里达“没有马克思就没有人类未来”这一掷地有声的断语硬气地驳斥了以福山为代表的“历史终结论”,显示出其与众不同的马克思观。不少马克思主义学者据此断定德里达是自己的同路人。不过,笔者认为我们不能凭借德里达的这一立场而把他视为通常意义上的马克思主义者。因为德里达完整的马克思观不仅有三个重要组成部分——人类有义务继承马克思的某种遗产、对此种遗产作彻底批判改造、好客地接待作为外来者的马克思思想,而且还同时招致来自“左”和右两方面的批判质疑,这也证明了他不是马克思主义者。亦鉴于德里达反对“回到马克思”、拒斥马克思主义本体论,亦鉴于德里达高扬某种马克思主义批判精神而反对对马克思思想进行去政治化、非政治化读解,德里达就既不是马克思主义者,也不是非马克思主义者,而是主张对这两者都进行解构的解构主义者。因此,既忠诚又不忠诚,既在场又不在场,只有“解构主义”这一幽灵般的标签才能最恰如其分地刻画出德里达对待马克思遗产的完整、真实态度。

In the 20th century,French philosophers offered diverse interpretations and discourses on various aspects of Karl Marx's works and thoughts,thereby engendering a succession of distinctive Marxian perspectives.Amidst the resurgence of claims like"the end of history,""Marx is dead,"and"the end of Marxism"in the Western world during the 1990s,Derrida's resolute statement"Without Marx,there is no future for humanity"countered the"end of history"thesis represented by Fukuyama,demonstrating his unique Marxian perspective.Many Marxist scholars thus identified Derrida as an ally.However,it is argued here that we cannot simply label Derrida as a Marxist in the conventional sense based solely on this stance.Derrida's comprehensive Marxian perspective comprises three pivotal components:the acknowledgment of humanity's obligation to inherit a certain legacy from Marx,the imperative to subject this legacy to thorough critical transformation and the hospitable reception of Marxian thought as a foreign entity.Furthermore,the concurrent criticisms and queries emanating from both left-wing and right-wing factions serve as evidence against his identification as a Marxist.Considering Derrida's opposition to"returning to Marx"and his rejection of Marxist ontology,as well as his elevation of a certain Marxist critical spirit while opposing the de-politicized or non-political interpretations of Marx's ideas,it is concluded that Derrida is neither a Marxist nor a non-Marxist,but a deconstructionist advocating the deconstruction of both.Therefore,he is simultaneously loyal and disloyal,present and absent.Only the label"deconstructionism"can aptly characterize Derrida's complete and authentic attitude towards Marx's legacy.