数字经济的就业效应研究——基于中国A股上市公司的经验证据

Research on the Employment Effect of the Digital Economy—Empirical Evidence Based on Chinese A-share Listed Companies

数字经济的快速发展在产生就业替代的同时创造了新的就业岗位与就业机会,影响了就业结构。本文采用2006—2022年中国A股上市公司数据,结合上市公司所在地级城市数字经济发展情况,从就业需求与就业结构两个方面分析数字经济的就业效应,即替代效应与创造效应,以及产业间溢出效应。结果表明:数字经济强化了企业数字化转型的生产率效应并拓展了创新集聚所产生的新业态。从整体上看,数字经济的快速发展有利于就业机会的提升,就业创造效应大于替代效应。进一步分析发现,就业创造与就业替代效应大小因地域、企业要素类型与行业的不同而各有差异;数字经济在产业间的溢出效应表现为明显的正向挤出和逆向虹吸:第一产业劳动力逐层向第二、第三产业正向挤出,第三产业逆向虹吸第一、第二产业劳动力。本文为数字经济发展中劳动者就业机会的提升与就业质量的改善提供了启示。

The rapid development of the digital economy has created new jobs and employment opportunities while generating employment substitution,which has affected the employment structure.Based on the data of China’s A-share listed companies from 2006 to 2022 and the development of the digital economy in the cities where the listed companies are located,this paper analyzes the employment effects of the digital economy from two aspects:employment demand and employment structure,namely the substitution effect,the creation effect,as well as the inter-industry spillover effect.The results show that the digital economy strengthens the productivity effect of enterprise digital transformation and expands the new business forms generated by innovation agglomeration.On the whole,the rapid development of the digital economy is conducive to the improvement of employment opportunities,and the employment creation effect is greater than the substitution effect.Further analysis shows that the effect of job creation and job substitution varies with regions,enterprise factor types and industries,and the spillover effect between industries is manifested as obvious positive extrusion and reverse siphoning:the labor force of the primary industry is squeezed to the secondary and tertiary industries layer by layer,and the labor force of the primary and secondary industries is siphoned out by the tertiary industry.This paper provides some enlightenment for the improvement of labor employment opportunities and employment quality in the development of digital economy.