磁场对合金材料服役性能影响的研究进展

Research Progress on the Effect of Magnetic Field on the Service Performance of Alloy Material

随着我国海洋工程、运载火箭、天地往返等重大战略工程的实施,合金作为各种装备的主要材料,在苛刻工况下的服役性能提升尤为迫切,如合金材料在海洋大气、深海、高原严寒等复杂环境中的防腐性能提升,在高温、重载环境中关键部件的长寿命可靠服役,在航空航天、地质钻探环境中的减摩,在高速、高压环境中的力学性能提升等问题,使得实现合金材料高性能、高可靠的研究成为近年来的热点话题。磁场处理区别于传统合金加工方法,为提高合金材料性能提供了新的途径和方法,具有无接触、清洁、降低资源能耗等特点,对合金材料的制备以及加工工艺而言具有极其重要的意义。本文首先从固态和熔融态合金两条路线出发归纳了磁场不同的典型作用机理及其研究进展,梳理分析了磁场处理下凝固过程中的晶体结构以及磁场对固态合金微观组织(包括磁畴、相变和位错)的影响;其次针对磁场对合金性能影响的问题,从力学、摩擦、疲劳性能、耐腐蚀四个方面来阐述,对比分析不同类型、强度、方向的磁场对合金性能的影响效果差异;最后展望了磁场处理合金的未来发展趋势,并提出了亟待解决的问题。

As a number of major strategic projects in China are being implemented in fields such as ocean engineering and aerospace engineering,it is particularly important to ensure the service performance of alloys,used as key building materials in these strategic projects,can withstand increasingly harsh conditions.In particular,these engineering projects require alloys with improved anti-corrosion performance in complex environments such as in ocean-atmosphere interactions,the deep sea,and cold plateaus,long lifetimes and reliable service in high-temperature and heavy-load environments,friction reduction in aerospace and geological drilling environments,and improved mechanical properties in high-speed and high-pressure environments.This demand has led to an increase in popularity for research on developing highly-reliable alloy materials demonstrating high performance in complex environments.Processing alloys under magnetic fields differs from traditional alloy-processing methods,providing a non-contact method capable of improving the performance of alloy materials with increased cleanliness and reduced energy consumption.These properties are extremely important for the preparation and processing of alloy materials.Firstly,this paper summarizes the typical mechanisms and research progress of different magnetic fields in solid and molten alloys.This paper also analyses the crystal structure of alloys during solidification when under magnetic fields,and the effect of magnetic fields on the microstructure of solid alloys,including magnetic domains,phase transitions and dislocation.Secondly,the influence of different magnetic field types,intensities,and directions on alloy mechanics,friction,fatigue performance,and corrosion resistance is investigated.Finally,potential future developments for magnetic-field-treated alloys are discussed,and solutions to some of the urgent problems affecting major strategic works are proposed.