优质牧草新品种选育方法研究进展

Progress in research on breeding methods to produce new,high-quality forage varieties

作为草食家畜最优良和天然的饲料,牧草是草食畜牧业发展的基础和保障,是大食物观下重要的粮食资源。牧草新品种的选育是草牧业可持续发展的重要基础,在促进畜产品稳产保供能力提升及草牧业高质量发展中起着重要作用。随着对优质牧草新品种需求增加,牧草育种技术从常规育种手段进入分子育种时代,牧草新品种培育取得重大突破。本研究对国内外近100年来的牧草育种技术进行了系统的综述,包括驯化育种、杂交育种、诱变育种、倍性育种等常规育种技术,转基因、分子设计育种等基因工程育种技术,以及近年来发展起来的基因编辑技术,同时阐述了不同育种技术取得的成就和存在的问题,并对今后的牧草育种工作提出了以下展望:1)深入挖掘牧草自然资源,加强种质资源收集利用;2)以需求为导向丰富牧草新品种的育种目标,注重牧草品质的改良和抗性品种培育,充分发挥牧草的生产、生态和生活等“三生”功能;3)将常规育种手段与现代生物技术相结合,突破牧草育种瓶颈,加强优质牧草特别是羊草和苜蓿等新品种选育。旨在推动我国进入生物育种新时代,为牧草种质资源创新和优质牧草新品种选育提供参考,为建立优质高产人工草地提供技术支持,从而满足我国畜牧业日益增长的饲草需求。

Forage is the best natural feed for herbivorous livestock.Therefore,it the basis and guarantee for the development of the herbivorous animal husbandry industry,and an important food resource as part of an all-encompassing approach to food.The breeding of new forage varieties is essential for the sustainable development of grass and animal husbandry industries.Forage plays important roles in promoting the stable production and supply of animal products.With the increasing demand for new high-quality forage varieties and the improvement of breeding techniques,forage breeding technology has entered the molecular era,and great breakthroughs have been made in the cultivation of new high-quality forage varieties.In this review,we systematically summarize the forage breeding techniques used in China and abroad in the past 100 years,including conventional breeding techniques(domestication breeding,cross breeding,mutation breeding,and ploidy breeding)and genetic engineering breeding techniques(transgenic and molecular design breeding).We also discuss the gene editing methods developed in recent years.We describe the achievements made using various breeding techniques,as well as their problems.We also outline the following prospects for future research:1)In-depth exploration of natural forage resources and strengthening of the collection and utilization of germplasm resources.2)Advancing the objectives for the breeding of forage species to meet the demands of farmers and livestock producers,paying attention to the improvement of forage quality,the production of disease-resistant and stress-tolerant varieties,and the development of the“productional-living-ecological”function of forage.3)Combining conventional and modern breeding methods to move past the bottleneck of forage breeding and strengthen the breeding of high-quality forage species,especially Leymus chinensis and Medicago sativa.The aims of this review are to promote the new era of biological breeding in China and to provide a basis for the innovation of forage germplasm resources and the selection of new,high-quality forage varieties.The overall aims in this field of research are to provide new technologies for the establishment of high-quality and high-productive cultivated grassland,and to meet the growing demand for forage to feed farmed animals in China.