19世纪英国租地农场向家庭农场转型考察

A Survey of the Transition from Tenant Farm to Family Farm in 19^(th) Century Britain

19世纪初,由于英国总人口和非农人口的大量增加,以及《谷物法》对粮食价格的保护,农业经营有利可图。建立在贵族大地产基础之上的租地农场经营方式,在租地农场主的科学生产与管理下,规模效益显著,租地农场繁荣,推动了英国农业资本主义的发展。到19世纪70年代,随着《谷物法》的废除,失去价格保护的农产品在来自美洲廉价谷物的冲击下,价格持续下跌,极端气候又使农业持续歉收,英国农业陷入萧条。危机带来土地贬值,农业经营成本上升,贵族纷纷出售地产,大租地农场难以为继,走向衰落,而家庭农场凭借经营成本相对较低,规模适度,经营灵活,可以及时调整生产结构,更能精耕细作等优势,在19世纪末开始进一步发展,开启了租地农场逐渐向家庭农场转型的过程。

At the beginning of the 1gth century,due to the large increase of the total population and non-agricultural population in Britain,as well as the protection of grain prices by the Corn Law,agricultural operation was profitable.Under the scientific production and management of the tenant farm,which is based on large aristocratic estates,the scale economy is remarkable,and the prosperity of the tenant farm promotes the development of agricultural capitalism in Britain.By the 1870s,with the repeal of the Corn Laws,the prices of agricultural products without price protection continued to fall under the impact of cheap grain from the Americas,and the extreme climate caused continuous crop failure.Thus British agriculture fell into depression.Crisis brought land devaluation,agricultural operating costs rose,nobles sold real estate one after another,large tenant farm was unable to sustain and went into decline,while family farm began to develop further at the end of the 19th century with advantages such as relatively low operating costs,moderate scale,flexible operation,timely adjustment of production structure,and more intensive cultivation.This started the process of gradual transformation from tenant farm to family farm.