桥梁船撞研究进展综述:事故、分析与防护

Vessel-bridge Collisions:Accidents,Analysis,and Protection

近年来,桥梁船撞事故频发,船撞已成为桥梁失效的主要原因之一。为推动桥梁防撞设计方法的发展与桥梁防撞技术的进步,对近20年的桥梁船撞研究展开综述,评述重点涵盖风险评估、响应分析与防护措施3个方面。首先,从实际的桥梁抗撞需求出发,搜集了中国2012~2022年桥梁船撞事故,总结出近年桥梁船撞事故所呈现出的4个新特征,弥补了这一时段中国船撞事故信息的缺失。然后,从研究方法的角度切入,介绍了桥梁船撞风险评估方法与响应计算方法,总结了试验法、接触有限元分析法、等效静力法和等效动力法这4种碰撞响应计算方法的发展动机、特点、应用场景及局限性。防护措施方面,着重梳理了浮式拦截系统与自浮式防撞装置这2种被动防撞措施的发展历程与构造特点,以及主动预警防护措施研究中所涉及的算法实现与更迭。最后,指出了当前桥梁船撞研究在考虑全要素分析、多灾害耦合、规范化设计等方面所面临的诸多挑战,并对桥梁船撞研究未来发展的主要方向做出展望。

In recent years,vessel-bridge collision accidents have occurred frequently.The vesselbridge collision has become one of the primary causes of bridge failure.To promote the development of bridge collision design methods and anticollision technologies,this paper reviews existing research on vessel-bridge collisions conducted during the past two decades with a focus on risk assessment,response analysis,and protective measures.Firstly,the vessel-bridge collision accidents in China from 2012 to 2022 are investigated to understand the actual collision demand of bridges and fill the information gap on vessel-bridge collision accidents during this period in China.Four new characteristics of vessel-bridge collision accidents in recent years are summarized.The research studies on vessel-bridge collisions are evaluated from the perspective of the adopted approaches.The methods of vessel-bridge collision risk assessment and response calculation are introduced.Four methods are reported for calculating the vessel-bridge collision response,namely,the experimental,contact finite element analysis,equivalent statics,and the equivalent dynamics,from the perspectives of development motivations,characteristics,applications,and limitations.In terms of protective measures,the development history and structural characteristics of two types of passive protective measures,including the floating interception system and the floating anticollision device are summarized.The implementation and updates of the algorithms utilized in active warning protective measures are also discussed.Finally,challenges in current research on vessel-bridge collisions,such as full-factor analysis,multihazard coupling,and standardized design,are identified,and the main directions for future development are outlined.