明代北京地方学校建设与人员情况考述--以方志资料为中心

An Overview of Ming Dynasty Beijing Local School Construction and Personnel Status-Centered Around Local Records References

明代北京地方学校建设较为全面,域内府州县学全覆盖,另建有卫学、武学、阴阳学、医学、社学、书院等学校,少量为前代遗留,多数为明代创建。府州县学的建设较为完备,且多有重修;其他学校规模较小,存废杂陈。顺天府学教官和生员人数多于外府,州县学有训导缺员的情况,监生和岁贡生占教官的主体,夫役在万历时普遍被革除。阴阳学、医学、社学曾普遍设置,但发展较差。书院建设处于全国较低水平。万历时期是北京地区学校发展的最高峰,各类学校的新建与重修在体现明代教育布局的同时,也反映出各类官员与地方社会各群体共同联动,推进地方事务的实态。

Ming Dynasty Beijing local school construction was relatively comprehensive,fully covering fu,zhou,and county schools within the region,and also included schools such as defense school,military school,Yin Yang school,medical school,community school,and academies.A few of these schools were inherited from former generations,but most of them were established during Ming Dynasty.The construction of fu,zhou,and county schools was relatively complete and comprehensive,with many cases of reconstruction.Other schools were relatively smaller in scale,there were cases in preservation or deserted.The number of lecturers and students of Shuntian Fu School was larger than in other fu schools,while there were cases of understaffing for instructors in zhou and county schools.Jiansheng and Suigongsheng were the main lecturers,and laborers were commonly dismissed during the Reign of Wanli.Yin Yang schools,medical schools,and community schools were once commonly established but were poorly developed.The construction of academies was at fairly low level nationwide.The Wanli period was the pinnacle of Beijing region school development.The newly construction and reconstruction of schools of various kinds,while representing the pattern of Ming Dynasty education,also reflected the real situation of joint efforts of officials of various kinds and various groups of local community in pushing forward local affairs.