清中后期边疆地方志的土司书写与权力表达——以桂西道光《白山司志》与光绪《百色厅志》为例

Tusi Writing and Power Expression in Local Chronicles of the Frontier in the Mid-to-Late Qing Dynasty——A Case Study of Baishan Si Zhi and Baise Ting Zhi in Western Guangxi

道光《白山司志》与光绪《百色厅志》是清中后期桂西地区编纂的两部特色鲜明的地方志,修志者均对本地世袭土司予以突出记载。然而,由于时代背景以及话语权归属的不同,两部志书的土司书写又存在明显差异。王氏土司掌握道光《白山司志》的编纂话语权,能够在志书中对其家族形象加以建构和美化,以此巩固其世袭地位;光绪《百色厅志》由流官主导编纂,尽管志书同样对土官家族的功绩加以肯定,但其评价则较为客观,同时对于土官的罪行亦予以强烈批判,体现出修志者宣扬朝廷威严、加强改流地区社会控制的深层目的。无论是土官家族,还是朝廷流官,均充分借助官方政治语言,在国家认同的语境下,创造出自己需要的文本,地方志成为其表达话语权的文化资源,以及建构地方历史的重要工具。

Baishan Si Zhi during the Daoguang period and Baise Ting Zhi during the Guangxu period are two distinctive local chronicles compiled in the western Guangxi in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.The compilers all gave prominent records to the local hereditary Tusi(official position established in the northwest and southwest regions,held by ethnic minority leaders).However,due to the different historical contexts and the allocation of discourse power,there were obvious differences in the Tusi writing of the two chronicles.The Tusi Wang family held the discourse power in the compilation of the chronicle Baishan Si Zhi,which enabled them to construct and embellish the image of their family in it,so as to consolidate their hereditary position.The compilation of Baise Ting Zhi during the Guangxu period was dominated by appointed officials by the government.Although the chronicle also acknowledged the achievements of the Tusi family,its evaluations were more objective.It also strongly criticized the misdeeds of Tusi officials,which reflected the compilers'deeper purpose of promoting the majesty of the imperial court and strengthening social control in frontiers.Both Tusi families and appointed officials made full use of official political language to create their own texts in the context of national identity.Local chronicles thus became the cultural resources to express discourse power and an important tool to construct local history.