认知与情感:“表现论”美学的二元困境及其破解之道

Cognition and Emotion:The Dualistic Dilemma of Expressionist Aesthetics and Its Solution

以克罗齐、科林伍德、鲍桑葵等人为代表的表现论者普遍将“情感表现”作为界定艺术的标准,而忽视认知性因素的地位和作用。根本原因在于他们在康德二元论思维的影响下,倾向于在人的心灵结构中去寻找情感及艺术的依据,没有能发现情感和认知的原生关联处,也没有能明了情感的性质及其在表现中的作用与体现。杜威认为艺术要表现的既不是情感,也非认知,乃是整体性的经验及其意义。情感并不是一种实体性存在,而是人在从事某种经验活动时的伴随状态,因此不能单独成为表现的对象,但在表现活动中却有着组织经验材料并使其成为整体的作用。人的认知也在经验活动中发生,虽可单独表达,但却不是艺术焦点之所在。在对整体性经验及其意义的表现中,情感和认知都可以得到呈现。而且,就认知而言,其成熟度及思想性价值不亚于哲学等其他类型的作品。波兰尼的“默会知识论”也可为此提供侧证。这为表现论美学中情感与认知的二元冲突提供了解决之道,也为文学艺术表现认知提供了一条不同于“形象思维”的思路。

Expressionists such as Croce,Collingwood and Bausanquet generally regard"the expression of emotion"as the standard of defining art,but ignore the status and role of cognition.The main reason is that,under the influence of Kant's dualistic philosophy,they tend to look for the basis of art in the structure of human mind,and fail to find the original connection between emotion and thinking,and fail to understand the nature of emotion and its role and embodiment in expression.By carefully reading and analyzing Dewey's theory of expression,we can find that what art should express is neither emotion nor cognition,but an experience and its meanings.Emotion is not a kind of substantial existence,but a kind of concomitant state in which one is engaged in some experiential activities.So,emotion cannot be the object of expression alone,but it plays a role in organizing experiential materials and making them into an organism in the activity of expression.Cognition also occurs in experiential activities.Although cognition can be expressed separately,it is not the focus of art.But in the expression of an experience and its meanings,both emotion and thinking can be represented.Moreover,the maturity and value of thinking in art is not inferior to philosophy and other types of thinking.Moreover,the factor of cognition is also very necessary for the quality of art.Michael Polanyi's theory of tacit knowledge can provide indirect evidence for this.And all of these can provide a solution to the dualistic conflict between emotion and thinking in the aesthetics of expression theory.