西汉人体陶俑的医学研究

Medical Investigation on Human Pottery Figurines of The Western Han Dynasty

辽中医俑1号和2号的形态特征分别符合西汉文帝与景帝陵寝出土的“裸体着衣式木臂彩绘陶俑”的侍女俑和武士俑。此类陶俑制作的风格写实、体型标准、头面部雕塑呈个体化,对古代人体测量学和体表医学研究具有重要价值。实测数据表明,西汉人体俑为真人1/3缩型,代表了西汉时期标准男女成年人体。辽中医俑1、2号的还原女子身高为159 cm,男子为172.5 cm,与《内经》所述人长七尺五及近现代中国人平均身高基本一致。另外,汉俑的头身比、足身比、上下身比等数据与中国现代人也高度符合。汉俑的“同身寸”与秦汉度量寸制及《内经》的人体骨度测量数据完全一致,代表了中医针灸的“标身寸”。66个西汉“脉书”中常用的体表解剖名词大部分在汉俑体表都有雕塑表达,说明古人对人体的精准认知,以及文字和雕塑表达的一致性。体表结构专有名词在“脉书”中最常见的使用是表达疼痛的部位,这可视为中医穴位及“以痛为腧”取穴法的早期雏形。研究表明,西汉人体俑不但代表了当时的标准男女人体,也能代表现代的人体标准,同时具有广泛国际代表性,堪称中国古代人体测量的“原始标准”。因此,重建汉代经脉人体模型对传统针灸的继承、医学教育、标准化及临床应用都具有重要的意义。

The morphological characteristics of Liao TCM figurines No.1 and No.2 are respectively consistent with the na-ked maid figurines and warrior figurines unearthed from the tombs of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynas-ty.The style of this type of pottery figurines is realistic,real body shaped and the individually scalptured in head and face.They are of great value to the research of anthropometry and surface anatomical medicine.The data from actual measurements shows that the human body figurines of the Western Han Dynasty are 1/3 miniature of real people,representing the standard male and female adult human bodies during the Western Han Dynasty.The restored height of women in the Han Dynasty is 159 cm and that of men is 172.5 cm,which is basically the same as the 75 Cun described in Neijing and the average height of modern Chinese people.In addition,the head-to-body ratio,foot-to-body ratio,upper-to-lower body ratio and other data of Han figurines are also highly consistent with modern Chinese people.The Proportional Body Cun of the Han Dynasty figurines is highly consist-ent with the Qin and Han metric systems and the human body bone-measurements in Neijing and represents the Standard Body Cun of traditional acupuncture.Most of the 66 commonly used body surface anatomy terms in the“meridian book”of the Western Han Dynasty have sculptural expressions on the bodies of Han figurines,which illustrates the ancients'precise understanding of the human body and the consistency of written and sculptural expressions.The most common use of specific terms for body sur-face structures in the“meridian book”is to express the location of pain,which can be regarded as the early prototype of“acu-points”and“taking the pain point as a acupoint”in traditional Chinese medicine.This study shows that the human body figu-rines of the Western Han Dynasty not only represent the standard male and female human bodies at that time,but also represent the modern human body standards,and have broad international contemporaneity.It may be considered as the“prototype stand-ard”of ancient Chinese anthropometry.Therefore,reconstructing the human body model of meridians according to the Han Dy-nasty is of great significance to the inheritance,medical education,standardization and clinical application of traditional acupunc-ture.