周代的“孝道”论与“孝治”观

The"Filial Piety"and"Filial Piety Administration"Thought of Zhou Dynasty

周代是一个以人为本的道德觉醒时代。在周代的道德观念中,“孝”是一个极为重要的概念。“孝”指对父母、长辈的供养、尊敬。周代继承从上古到夏商祭祖活动中的“孝行”并加以改造,从中抽象出自觉的、理性的“孝道”观念。《尚书·周书》《诗经》明确记载了西周的孝道观念。春秋末期,孔子、曾子对此作了重要发展。在此基础上,《孝经》提出以孝平天下的“孝治”观,孟子对“孝道”涵义作了进一步发展。战国后期,《礼记》《荀子》对“孝道”内涵作了补充和深化。《左传》《战国策》以赞美的态度记录了春秋战国时期的孝行,彰显着儒家“孝道”观念在这个时期思想界的影响和地位。战国末期的《吕氏春秋》综合周代的孝道、孝治思想,提出“务本莫贵于孝”。文章基于对周代典籍的个案研究,对散见于其中的孝道思想做了集中的分析评述,对今天的家庭伦理、社会和谐建设具有重要的参考意义。

The Zhou Dynasty was an era of people-oriented morality awakening.In the moral concept of Zhou Dynasty,"filial piety"is a very important concept."Filial piety"refers to respecting and making offerings to parents and the elder.The Zhou Dynasty inherited the“filial piety behavior”in ancestor worship activities from ancient times to Xia Shang and reformed it,generalizing the conscious and rational concept of"filial piety".The concept of filial piety in the Western Zhou Dynasty is clearly recorded in Zhou Shu and The Book of Songs.In the late Spring and Autumn period,Confucius and Zeng Zi made important developments in this regard.Based on this,The Classic of Filial Piety,put forward the concept of“filial piety administration”for the peace of the world,and Mencius further developed the connotations of“filial piety”.In the late Warring States period,The Book of Rites and Xunzi further supplemented the norms and connotations of"filial piety".Contrasting with this,Zuo Zhuan and The Strategies of Zhanguo recorded the filial piety behavior in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period with a praise attitude,reflecting the impact and role of“filial piety”of Confucianism in this period,while Mister Lv's Spring and Autumn Period synthesized the filial piety and the filial piety administration of the Zhou Dynasty and put forward the emperor's way of"dutifulness is more valuable than filial piety".Based on the systematic study of various classics of Zhou Dynasty,this paper makes an overall grasp of the thought of filial piety of Zhou Dynasty in the historical development,hoping to provide important reference for the understanding of domestic ethics and the construction of harmonious society.