清代医家“扶正避邪”防疫思想和方法探析

Analysis of the Epidemic Prevention Thought and Methods of Qing DynastyMedical Practitioners in "Supporting Healthy Qi and Avoiding Evil"

清代医家刘奎、陈耕道、王士雄等深入探讨了“正气存内”与“避其毒气”对防疫的重要性,提出了扶正养生为本、避邪隔离为要的基本原则,强调三因制宜的防疫要旨,重视医者自身防护。认为可通过清洁空气、清洁水源、熏蒸衣物、消灭虫害等方式,改善卫生条件以防疫。在防疫方药使用方面,比前代医家更多采用了芳香类药物,如苍术、白芷、丁香、降香、菖蒲、冰片、麝香、没药等,及雄黄丸、不染瘟方、透顶清凉散、通气散等防疫复方,采用口服、塞鼻取嚏、点眼、洗浴、熨法。他们进一步推广和完善了接种预防,以保护易感人群。充分重视清代医家防疫思想和方法,以期为当今疫病的防治起到启示和参考作用。

Liu Kui,Chen Gengdao,Wang Shixiong and other doctors in the Qing dynasty delved into the importance of"healthy Qi in the body"and"avoiding evil"in the prevention of epidemics,and put forward the basic principles of health preservation and supporting healthy Qi,avoiding evil and isolation.They emphasized the essence of epidemic prevention according to three factors-concerned treatment,and attached importance to the self-protection of doctors.It is considered that sanitary conditions can be improved to prevent epidemic by cleaning the air,clean water,fumigation of clothing,elimination of insect pests and so on.In the use of epidemic prevention prescriptions,more aromatic drugs were used than previous generations of doctors,such as Atractylodis Rhizoma,Angelicae Dahuricae Radix,Caryophylli Flos,Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum,Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma,Borneolum,Moschus,Myrrha,and Realgar pills,non-plague prescription,Touding Qingliang powder,Tongqi powder and other anti-epidemic prescriptions,which were used by oral,nasal sneezing,eye drops,bathing,ironing method.They further promoted and improved vaccination prevention to protect vulnerable populations.Full attention should be paid to the ideas and methods of epidemic prevention among doctors in the Qing dynasty,so as to provide inspiration and reference for today's epidemic prevention and control.