论重大疾病婚前告知义务规则的类推适用--以《民法典》第1053条之规范意旨为依据

Analogous Application of the Rule of Premarital Notification Duty Concerning Serious Diseases:Based upon the Legislative Purpose of Article 1053 in the Civil Code

《民法典》第1053条有关“重大疾病对婚姻效力的影响”的调控模式,不同于原《婚姻法》第10条的规定。它通过嵌入“不如实告知”的构成要件,使其规范意旨发生了从强力规制到柔性自治的面向自由意志的重大转变。目前,该规范意旨的转变对本条适用所产生的影响并未被充分注意到,以至于出现法律漏洞而有损法条目的的圆满实现。若认为该条仅意欲规范重大疾病之婚前隐瞒情形,则难谓此结果系立法者有意做出的充分考量,因而本条存在无意的法律漏洞。对此漏洞有填补的必要。对该条漏洞的填补路径,鉴于婚姻家庭法的特殊性,不应直接适用或参照适用有关欺诈型可撤销法律行为的一般条款(《民法典》第148条)。对于其他可获得与“未如实告知重大疾病而致影响相对方有关结婚的自由意志”同等法评价的事项,例如,性取向、婚史、孕育史、宗教信仰、犯罪记录、基因信息等有关婚姻本质、对结婚意思有决定意义的事项,应受第1053条立法目的规整,因此可类推适用之,以求法条目的的圆满实现并妥当应对现实需求。

The regulation mode of Article 1053 of the Civil Code concerning“the effect of serious diseases on the validity of marriage”is different from Article 10 of the Marriage Law.By embedding the constituent elements of“failure to truthfully inform”,its legislative purpose has undergone a significantly change towards free will,that is,a shift from strong regulation to soft autonomy.At present,the effect of the change in the intent of this norm on the application of this article has not been fully realized,so that a legal loophole appears and the successful realization of the legal plan is impaired.If it is believed that this article is only intended to regulate the concealment of serious diseases prior to marriage registration,it is difficult to say that this result is a deliberate and sufficient consideration by the legislator,so there is an unintentional legal loophole in this article.This loophole is not an illegal policy error and needs to be filled.The way to fill this loophole,in view of the particularity of family law,should not directly apply or apply by reference the general provisions on fraudulent type of legal acts(i.e.Article 148).For other matters that can be evaluated in the same way as“if the serious illness is not truthfully informed,the other party will have a wrong intention to marry”,such as sexual orientation,history of marriage,history of gestation and reproductive,religious beliefs,criminal records,genetic information,etc.These matters concerning the nature of marriage and determining the meaning of marriage should be regulated by the legislative purpose of Article 1053,so this article can be applied by analogy.In this way,the legal plan can be successfully realized and can properly respond to the actual needs.