中国法上比例责任适用的裁判依据

Adjudicative Basis of Determination on the Application of Proportional Liability under Chinese Law

事实因果关系不明侵权中的比例责任,是以侵权行为造成特定损害的可能性比例作为因果关系成立的标准进而按比例分配责任。尽管我国司法实践中存在大量适用比例责任理念进行裁判的做法,但因欠缺明确的法律依据,导致法律规范适用不统一、无法可依等现象较为普遍。比例责任体现对社会风险的合理分配,其核心价值与《民法典》内外体系契合,通过法律解释的途径将其引入我国私法体系具有可行性。具言之,若属于事实因果关系不明的数人污染环境致损侵权,则适用《民法典》第1231条;其它类型的数人侵权则适用《民法典》第1172条;其它事实因果关系不明的单独侵权案件,应当适用《民法典》第1165条。

Proportional liability in torts with uncertain actual causation is based on the proportionate likelihood that the tortious act caused the specific damage as the criterion for establishing causation and thus for allocating responsibility proportionally.Although there are a large number of legal judgements applying the theory of proportional liability in our judicial practices,however,the lack of a clear adjudicative basis has led to a more general phenomenon of non-uniform application of legal norms and inability to comply with them.Proportional liability reflects a rational allocation of risks to society,fitting of core values with the internal and external systems of the Civil Code.It is feasible to introduce it into our private law system by means of legal interpretation.Specifically,article 123l of the Civil Code applies in the case of the tort of pollution of the environment by several persons where the factual causality is not clear.Afterwards,for other types of counting infringements,article 1172 of the Civil Code applies.Finally,in other cases of separate infringement where the factual causation is not clear,article 1165of the Civil Code should be applied.