引“柔”入武:陈元赟对柔术发展贡献的再认识

Introducing“Rou”to Martial Arts:Review of Chen Yuanyun's Contribution to the Development of Jujitsu

陈元赟作为明朝东渡日本的大才之一,对日本制窑、哲学、诗文、书法、绘画、建筑、医术等领域的发展都有着不可替代的作用,尤其对柔术的发展具有里程碑式的影响。然而,我国对陈元赟的相关研究极少,且对他在柔术发展史上的贡献认识不足。新时代重新认识陈元赟对柔术的发展贡献,有利于厘清中国武术对日本武道体系形成和发展的影响,对于当下和未来中国武术的海外传播具有重要启示。研究认为:(1)无论从起倒流流派起源来看,还是从儒道释的早期传入进行分析,陈元赟的柔术“鼻祖”称号均有明显的历史局限性;(2)元赟之功,在于为柔术注入了道家“柔”的思想,丰富了日本柔术技法以及促进了柔术的近代化发展;(3)将陈元赟称为“日本近代柔术之父”相较于“日本柔术鼻祖”更加贴切。未来可从儒道释、少林武术以及相扑运动的早期东渡等方面进一步探讨中国武术在日本的传播及形态生成路径。

As one of the great talents who traveled eastward to Japan in the Ming Dynasty,Chen Yuanyun played an irreplaceable role in the development of Japanese kiln making,philosophy,poetry,calligraphy,painting,architecture and medicine,especially in the development of Jujitsu.However,there is very little research related to Chen Yuanyun in China,and his contribution to the histori-cal development of Jujitsu is not well recognized.Re-recognizing Chen Yuanyun's contribution to the development of Jujitsu in the new era is conducive to clarifying the influence of Chinese martial arts on the formation and development of the Japanese Bushido sys-tem,and has important enlightenment for overseas dissemination of Chinese martial arts at present and in the future.The research points out that:(1)Chen Yuanyun's title as the"originator"of Jujitsu has obvious historical limitations,no matter from the origin of the retrograde school or from the early introduction of Confucianism,Taoism and Buddhism;(2)Yuanyun's achievement lies in his injection of Taoist"soft"thought into Jujitsu,which enriched the Japanese Jujitsu techniques and promoted the modernization of Jujit-su;(3)It is more appropriate to call Chen Yuanyun as"the father of modern Japanese Jujitsu"rather than as"the originator of Jujit-su".In the future,we can further explore the dissemination and morphogenesis path of Chinese martial arts in Japan through examining the dissemination of Confucianism,Taoism,Shaolin martial arts and sumo in Japan in the early time.