《秋雨叹三首》写作笔法平议

A Review of the Writing Techniques in Three Poems on the Sigh of Autumn Rain

杜甫的《秋雨叹三首》以直笔书写天宝十三载长安六十日霖雨事。诗有曲笔,前人亦曾指出,惜只针对前两首,且语焉不详。其实这组诗三首都是看似直笔,实为曲笔。第一首“决明”是香草美人笔法,比喻正直之士遭遇打击;第二首暗传心曲,“农夫田妇无消息”隐指无人关注农民生活;第三首立象讽世,以写实之“秋来未曾见白日”象征时代政治之昏暗,以“泥污后土何时干”象征对海晏河清之向往。曲笔直用与直笔曲用是组诗之笔法,故解诗需直笔曲解与曲笔直解,以还原诗意之真。

Du Fu’s Three Poems on the Sigh of Autumn Rain directly depicts the sixty-day continuous rain in Chang’an during the 13th year of Tianbao.Although some previous scholars have pointed out that there are some allusions in the poems,they only focused on the first two poems and did not elaborate on the details.In fact,all three poems in this series seem straightforward but actually contain allusions.The first poem,using the image of“jue ming”(a kind of medicinal herb),employs the writing style of“fragrant grass and beautiful woman”to metaphorically describe the plight of upright individuals facing hardships.The second poem conveys hidden meanings,with the line“farmers and farmwives have no news”implicitly referring to the lack of attention to farmers’lives.The third poem establishes images to satirize the society,using the realistic description of“not seeing the sun since autumn”to symbolize the political darkness of the era,and“when will the mud-covered earth dry”to symbolize the aspiration for peace and prosperity.The combination of tortuous-writing into direct-reflection and tortuous-writing into direct-reflection writing techniques are the hallmark of this series of poems,so to truly understand the poems,one needs to interpret them both straightforwardly and allusively.