疫苗佐剂的作用机制及研究进展

Mechanism of action and research progress of vaccine adjuvants

疫苗是预防传染性疾病最有效的措施之一,对预防及控制传染病的传播起到了重要作用。而佐剂作为疫苗的辅助成分,在疫苗研发过程中不可或缺。理想的佐剂不仅可以增强免疫反应,使机体获得最佳的保护性免疫,还具有减少免疫物质用量、降低疫苗生产成本等重要作用。为满足新型疫苗的需求,已经研发了许多新型佐剂。但目前临床上仍缺乏一种安全、有效、易制备、纯度高、适用于多种疫苗的佐剂。本文根据佐剂的类别,通过计算机检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、中国知网、维普数据库、万方数据库等数据库(英文检索关键词包括Adjuvants、Vaccine、Vaccine Adjuvant、aluminum salts、MF59、AS03、Toll-like receptor agonist等及其他相关检索词;中文检索词包括佐剂、疫苗佐剂、铝盐佐剂、弗氏佐剂、AS01等及其他相关检索词),总结常用的传统铝盐佐剂和较为新型的脂质体类、核酸类等佐剂的作用机制以及各自的特点,旨在为佐剂的研制和应用提供参考。

Vaccines are among the most effective measures for preventing infectious diseases and play a crucial role in controlling the spread of these diseases.Adjuvants,serving as auxiliary components in vaccines,are indispensable in the vaccine development process.Ideal adjuvants not only enhance the immune response,enabling the body to achieve optimal protective immunity but also play important roles in reducing the dosage of immunogens and lowering vaccine production costs.To meet the demands of novel vaccines,many new types of adjuvants have been developed.However,there is still a lack of adjuvants that are safe,effective,easy to prepare,highly pure,and suitable for a variety of vaccines in clinical settings.This article categorizes adjuvants and summarizes their mechanisms of action and characteristics,focusing on traditional aluminum salt adjuvants and more modern lipid-based and nucleic acid-based adjuvants.The summary is based on a computer search of databases including PubMed,Embase,The Cochrane Library,CNKI(China National Knowledge Infrastructure),VIP Database,and Wanfang Database,using English search keywords such as Adjuvants,Vaccine,Vaccine Adjuvant,aluminum salts,MF59,AS03,Toll-like receptor agonist,etc.,and corresponding Chinese search terms.The aim is to provide references for the development and application of adjuvants.